Fertilin  (also known as ADAM2) is a cell adhesion molecule on the surface of mammalian sperm that participates in sperm-egg membrane binding. Fertilin  is a member of the molecular family known as ADAMs or MDCs. These proteins have a disintegrin domain with homology to integrin ligands found in snake venoms; several of these snake proteins have an RGD tripeptide presented on an extended "disintegrin loop." However, fertilin  lacks an RGD tripeptide and instead has the consensus sequence X(D/E)ECD (QDECD in mouse fertilin ) in its putative disintegrin loop, and there is controversy over which amino acids comprise the active site of the fertilin  disintegrin loop. We have used point-mutated versions of the sequence AQDECDVT and two bioassays to identify the key functional amino acids of this sequence from the mouse fertilin  disintegrin domain. Amino acid substitutions for the terminal aspartic acid residue of the QDECD sequence result in dramatically reduced activities in the two assays for protein function, implicating the terminal aspartic acid residue as critical for protein function. Substitutions for the glutamic acid and the cysteine residues in the QD-ECD sequence result in slight reductions in activity, whereas substitution of the first aspartic acid has virtually no effect. These data suggest that the conserved ECD sequence of the mouse fertilin  disintegrin loop, especially the terminal D residue, contributes more to the protein's activity than does the QDE sequence that aligns with the RGD tripeptide in other disintegrins.The interactions of gamete plasma membranes are mediated by multiple cell adhesion molecules on the surfaces of the sperm and egg. One of these cell adhesion molecules is the mammalian sperm protein fertilin  (previously known as PH-30; also known as ADAM2). The involvement of fertilin  in sperm-egg adhesion during fertilization is well established based on studies with synthetic peptides, antibodies, recombinant proteins, and the subfertile phenotype of male fertilin  knock-out mice (summarized in Ref. 1). Of particular interest is the domain of fertilin  that has homology to a family of integrin ligands originally identified in snake venoms. This domain of fertilin , known as the disintegrin domain, has been implicated in the interactions of fertilin  with the egg membrane in a variety of species (2-9).A large number of disintegrin domain-containing proteins have been identified. These include members of the molecular family known as ADAMs (for A disintegrin and A metalloprotease) or MDCs (for metalloprotease/disintegrin/cysteine-rich) (10, 11), of which fertilin  is a member. Disintegrin domains are also present in a number of snake venom proteins, which are called simply disintegrins, reprolysins, or snake venom metalloproteases. These snake venom polypeptides range in size from small peptide chains of Ͻ50 amino acids to multidomain proteins of several hundred amino acids that are similar in domain structure to ADAM proteins, having a metalloprotease domain and a cy...