Sequence stratigraphic framework of Northwest Borneo

Morrison, Kim; Berhad, Locked Bag No. Sarawak Shell; Wong, Chung Lee

doi:10.7186/bgsm47200310

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The new model still did not balance well with observed large scale geology, for example had clearly identified the dominant first widespread transgression to marine conditions in Sarawak was during Cycle III accelerating into Cycle IV, and yet the Morrison and Wong (2003) scheme showed relative stasis over Cycle II to mid Cycle IV. A sceptic could infer interpretation-bias as his Figures 7, 8 and 9 (summaries for Balingian, Luconia and West Baram) have a "snap to fit" appearance, where every unconformity is correlated to a eustatic sequence boundary.…”

Section: Modern Analysesmentioning

confidence: 78%

A review of the Sarawak Cycles: History and modern application

Lunt¹,

Madon²

2017

BGSM

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This review examines the history of the Sarawak "Cycles" and their application in subdividing offshore Cenozoic stratigraphy. The Cycles are widely but inconsistently used, at least in part because important reports and data collections were never published (e.g. Geiger, 1964;Hageman et al., 1987; Hageman maps, 1985, eventually reproduced in Madon, 1999and Hutchison, 2005and Taylor et al., 1997) or were published in highly abridged summaries only (Ho Kiam Fui, 1978;Mansor et al., 1999). The lack of a data-audit trail left open possibilities for ambiguity and confusion, as has been commented on by several workers (e.g. Snedden et al., 1995;Ismail & Tucker, 1999). This account reviews the major contributions, published and unpublished, and the concepts of the Cycles, especially over times of geological change. The data behind the model is cited in order to give confidence when integrating Sarawak stratigraphic data into a regional geological model. The Cycles began with an assumption that transgressions over regressive surfaces were distinct and approximately synchronous events for correlation. By including biostratigraphic data these transgressive events could be traced into clay-dominated areas, where lithological and seismic contrast was weak. This integrated approach was carried out through the 1970's and 80's, during which time the data pushed the model towards a three dimensional view of sedimentation, with the basin shape evolving and changing through time. However, development of a full tectono-stratigraphic model paused during the period of accelerated seismic capabilities of the 1990's and early 21 st Century. While geophysical data coverage increased, application of geological analyses decreased, and the integrated approach lost momentum. This review aims to re-establish the role of the Cycles as a part of a large scale geological model. An initial integration with regional geological events is attempted, linking some of the Cycle boundaries with times of known tectonic change. 78beyond the main Neogene clinoform, in deep water, with no Luconia reefs. Finally, onshore there was uplift where an older Miocene trend has been over-printed by a later Miocene uplift that is parallel to the present day coastline. In the coastal and nearshore areas there is strong reverse faulting, so this southern area, with its own distinct geological history, is called the Tinjar province.The challenge was how to correlate, and predict facies into un-drilled areas, in this broad region of sedimentation, with its gradual trend from coastal plain sediments in the south to open marine environments in the north, and how to correlate from clastic to carbonate facies in order to combine their sedimentological histories HISTORY OF STUDIESThe tools required to identify different facies in Sarawak sediments were developed early on, but the ability to correlate and thereby map facies variation at a specific time has always been challenging. Age diagnostic fossils occurred only rarely and consequently indicated only a general age, and ...

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Section: Modern Analysesmentioning

confidence: 78%

A review of the Sarawak Cycles: History and modern application

Lunt¹,

Madon²

2017

BGSM

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“…(D) Alternative geological map of study area (after Liechti et al, 1960) that also recognizes the Tukau Formation and, in Nagarajan et al (2015), the Miri Formation (asterisk) in the area of the studied Lambir Formation. Mapped positions for the WBL are from (1) Kessler 2010 to Cycles IV to lower V (Ho, 1978;Morrison & Lee, 2003;Wannier et al, 2011;Jong et al, 2017) and TB 2.4 to 2.5 (Torres et al, 2011;Balaguru & Lukie, 2012), underlain by the Middle Miocene Unconformity (MMU) dated at ca 15.5 Ma with a ca 0.5 Myr gap (Wannier et al, 2011) and approximately overlain by the Lower Intermediate Unconformity (LIU) dated at ca 12.1 Ma (Torres et al, 2011;Balaguru & Lukie, 2012) (see also Levell, 1987). (F) Interpreted time-averaged gross depositional maps for the western BDP at approximately 15.0 Ma, 14.1 to 12.7 Ma, 12.7 to 12.1 Ma and 12.1 to 9.6 Ma (modified after Mazlan, 1999;Hutchison, 2005;Cullen, 2010;Jong et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Architecture and preservation in the fluvial to marine transition zone of a mixed‐process humid‐tropical delta: Middle Miocene Lambir Formation, Baram Delta Province, north‐west Borneo

2019

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The interaction of river and marine processes in the fluvial to marine transition zone fundamentally impacts delta plain morphology and sedimentary dynamics. This study aims to improve existing models of the facies distribution, stratigraphic architecture and preservation in the fluvial to marine transition zone of mixed-process deltas, using a comprehensive sedimentological and stratigraphic dataset from the Middle Miocene Lambir Formation, Baram Delta Province, northwest Borneo. Eleven facies associations are identified and interpreted to preserve the interaction of fluvial and marine processes in a mixed-energy delta, where fluvial, wave and tidal processes display spatially and temporally variable interactions. Stratigraphic successions in axial areas associated with active This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. distributary channels are sandstone-rich, comprising fluvial-and wave-dominated units. Successions in lateral, or interdistributary, areas, which lack active distributary channels, are mudstone-rich, comprising fluvial-dominated, tide-dominated and wave-dominated units, including mangrove swamps. Widespread mudstone preservation in axial and lateral areas suggests well-developed turbidity maximum zones, a consequence of high suspended-sediment concentrations resulting from tropical weathering of a mudstone-rich hinterland. Within the fluvial to marine transition zone of distributary channels, interpreted proximal-distal sedimentological and stratigraphic trends suggest: (i) a proximal fluvial-dominated, tide-influenced subzone; (ii) a distal fluvial-dominated to wavedominated subzone; and (iii) a conspicuously absent tide-dominated subzone. Lateral areas preserve a more diverse spectrum of facies and stratigraphic elements reflecting combined storm, tidal and subordinate river processes. During coupled storm and river floods, fluvial processes dominated the fluvial to marine transition zone along major and minor distributary channels and channel mouths, causing significant overprinting of preceding interflood deposits. Despite interpreted fluvial-tidal channel units and mangrove influence implying tidal processes, there is a paucity of unequivocal tidal indicators (for example, cyclical heterolithic layering). This suggests that process preservation in the fluvial to marine transition zone preserved in the Lambir Formation primarily records episodic (flashy) river discharge, river flood and storm overprinting of tidal processes, and possible backwater dynamics.

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“…This outcrop study is an analogue to the West Baram Delta, where the two lithofacies identified are shown in the cross section of depositional phase of Baram Delta as shown by a model in Figure 8. Baram Delta began progradation in the Middle Miocene and encounter rapid deltaic deposition throughout Late Miocene (Morrison and Wong 2003). The fall of eustatic sea level at this time has resulted in lowstand sand deposition in deepwater region which also might contribute to the formation of silty shale with high organic matter as what can be seen in grey shale around here.…”

Section: Lithofacies Identificationmentioning

confidence: 72%

Fracture Characterization and Modelling of Shale Formations in Miri, Sarawak

Abd Muhaimi,

Wan Yusoff

2023

Unconventional Methods for Geoscience, Shale Gas and Petroleum in the 21st Century

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Studies on fractured reservoir is becoming vital especially in shale formation due to the emerging of production for shale oil and gas globally, besides awareness of disasters due to incorrect estimation of subsurface overpressure and fracture pressure. Understanding the formation of fracture in relation to the structural evolution and its behavior in various lithofacies is important. Another major factor controlling the fracture development beside lithology and mineral composition, is abnormal pressure. Therefore, a study on fracture characterization and modelling of shale formations is still ongoing to characterize shale by evaluating lithofacies and fracture characteristics. In addition, analysis of subsurface rock properties to determine the fracture gradient in shales of gas wells and fracture models of selected shale formations are in progress. In these research, the study of fractures will be determined both by onshore and offshore data. In the onshore scale, the natural fracture will be evaluated, taking into account the natural fractures network data includes contribution of mineral composition and lithofacies in Miri region. While, offshore data will be analyzed through well log data and initial relationships of Eaton’s method in estimating fracture pressure along the wellbore. Outcrop studies was conducted around Miri vicinity mainly at Beluru and Long Lama route. Lithofacies identification was determined through X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and total organic carbon (TOC). Eminently, based on the XRD and XRF analysis, there are two types of shale identified; where the shale with high quartz percentage is classified as siliceous black shale and located nearby Long Lama whereas those with prominent calcite percentage is categorized as calcareous grey shale, which are found in the Beluru. In general, the type of shales around study area is referred as grey shale with good level of fracture development. The range of TOC percentages of the samples are from 2.03 to 2.28. Therefore, the result obtained from integration of well log analysis and fracture gradient prediction can be compared with natural fracture model in West Baram Delta.

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Sequence stratigraphic framework of Northwest Borneo

Cited by 17 publications

References 5 publications

A review of the Sarawak Cycles: History and modern application

A review of the Sarawak Cycles: History and modern application

Architecture and preservation in the fluvial to marine transition zone of a mixed‐process humid‐tropical delta: Middle Miocene Lambir Formation, Baram Delta Province, north‐west Borneo

Fracture Characterization and Modelling of Shale Formations in Miri, Sarawak

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