Sequences of synaptogenesis in the human fetal and neonatal brain by synaptophysin immunocytochemistry

Sarnat, Harvey B.

doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1105183

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The Purkinje cell layer and molecular layer exhibit the highest degree of positive expression. In central neurons, SP controls synaptic vesicle endocytosis's progression, considered the foremost structural glycoprotein (Sarnat, 2023). Moreover, the immunoreactivity of SP resists up to 5 days of postmortem autolysis, so the standard formalized samples are significant for autopsy examinations (Sarnat et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the role of Purkinje fibers and synaptic connectivity in balance regulation through comprehensive ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis of the donkey's (Equus asinus) cerebellum

Elarab,

Alsafy,

El‐Gendy

et al. 2024

J Exp Zool Pt A

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The donkey's extraordinary capacity to endure substantial loads over long distances while maintaining equilibrium suggests a distinctive cerebellar architecture specialized in balance regulation. Consequently, our study aims to investigate the intricate histophysiology of the donkey's cerebellum using advanced ultrastructural and immunohistochemical methodologies to comprehend the mechanisms that govern this exceptional ability. This study represents the pioneering investigation to comprehensively describe the ultrastructure and immunohistochemistry within the donkey cerebellum. Five adult donkeys' cerebella were utilized for the study, employing stains such as hematoxylin, eosin, and toluidine blue to facilitate a comprehensive histological examination. For immunohistochemical investigation, synaptophysin (SP), calretinin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein were used and evaluated by the Image J software. Furthermore, a double immunofluorescence staining of SP and neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) was performed to highlight the co‐localization of these markers and explore their potential contribution to synaptic function within the donkey cerebellum. This investigation aims to understand their possible roles in regulating neuronal activity and synaptic connectivity. We observed co‐expression of SP and NSE in the donkey cerebellum, which emphasizes the crucial role of efficient energy utilization for motor coordination and balance, highlighting the interdependence of synaptic function and energy metabolism. The Purkinje cells were situated in the intermediate zone of the cerebellum cortex, known as the Purkinje cell layer. Characteristically, the Purkinje cell's bodies exhibited a distinct pear‐like shape. The cross‐section area of the Purkinje cells was 107.7 ± 0.2 µm2, and the Purkinje cell nucleus was 95.7 ± 0.1 µm2. The length and diameter of the Purkinje cells were 36.4 × 23.4 µm. By scanning electron microscopy, the body of the Purkinje cell looked like a triangular or oval with a meandrous outer surface. The dendrites appeared to have small spines. The Purkinje cells' cytoplasm was rich with mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, multivesicular bodies, and lysosomes. Purkinje cell dendrites were discovered in the molecular layer, resembling trees. This study sheds light on the anatomical and cellular characteristics underlying the donkey's exceptional balance‐maintaining abilities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the role of Purkinje fibers and synaptic connectivity in balance regulation through comprehensive ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis of the donkey's (Equus asinus) cerebellum

Elarab,

Alsafy,

El‐Gendy

et al. 2024

J Exp Zool Pt A

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“…Synaptogenesis allows for the formation of new connections between neurons, facilitating the re-establishment of neural circuits that may have been disrupted due to injury or disease. New synapses improve the communication between neurons, leading to more efficient signal transmission and neural processing [25][26][27]. This can result in improvements in cognitive functions, motor skills, and sensory abilities.…”

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confidence: 99%

The molecular fundamentals of neurorehabilitation and their modulation by thyroid hormones

Kamyshna,

Pavlovych,

Pankiv

et al. 2024

Mìžnarodnij endokrinologìčnij žurnal

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Neurological disorders affect a large population, often leading to different levels of disability and resulting in a decreased quality of life. Neurorehabilitation is the process of restoring the functions of the nervous system after injuries, diseases, or other impairments. The molecular basis of neurorehabilitation includes various aspects such as changes in gene expression, regulation of synaptic connections, nerve cell growth, and repair, among others. Typical objectives in rehabilitating the patient with neurologic disease are to minimize pain, reestablish normal neural pathways, prevent secondary complications, and ultimately improve quality of life. It is also essential not to worsen neurologic function or pain in patients with spinal instability. A decreased free triiodothyronine and thyroid stimulating hormone levels upon admission may predict an unfavorable outcome at the end of early rehabilitative treatment. Thus, thyroid hormone levels are not only important during acute treatment but also in prolonged critical illness. Thyroid hormones, specifically thyroxine and triiodothyronine, can influence these molecular processes through their receptors in nervous tissue. Thyroid hormones are essential for the normal functioning of the nervous system, including neurogenesis (the formation of new neurons) and synaptic plasticity (changes in the strength and structure of connections between neurons). Research has shown that thyroid hormones can affect the expression of genes related to the growth and survival of neurons, as well as synaptic plasticity processes, which may be relevant for rehabilitation after nervous system injuries. A deficiency of thyroid hormones such as in hypothyroidism can lead to disturbances in the development and functioning of the nervous system, which, in turn, can complicate the neurorehabilitation process. Thus, understanding the molecular basis of neurorehabilitation and the influence of thyroid hormones can help improve approaches to the rehabilitation of patients with various nervous system impairments.

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Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children prenatally exposed to opioid maintenance treatment: A population‐based study

Hasan,

Meador,

Brothers

et al. 2024

Pharmacotherapy

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Background and ObjectivesOpioid maintenance treatment (OMT), with methadone or buprenorphine, is a key approach for managing opioid use disorder (OUD) during pregnancy. Despite buprenorphine's superior short‐term outcomes, its long‐term effects remain understudied. This study aims to evaluate the effects of prenatal OMT exposure on the incidence of childhood neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) considering timing effect.MethodsA retrospective cohort study using Rhode Island Medicaid data linked to vital statistics from 2008 to 2018 was conducted. The study included pregnancies having live birth from 2008 to 2016 with continuous Medicaid insurance and OUD diagnosis within 3 months preceding conception until delivery. At least one buprenorphine dispensing or a claim of methadone was required for exposure definition. Exposure was evaluated during early (0–90 days) or late (>90 days) gestation, or at any pregnancy phase. NDDs, including autism, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disabilities, speech/language disorders, developmental coordination disorder, intellectual disability, and behavioral disorders, were identified using validated algorithms. Applying Cox proportional‐hazard models with propensity score overlap weighting, adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) were calculated, mitigating potential confounders. Children were followed up from birth until NDD diagnosis, disenrollment, or study end.ResultsOf 416 mother–child dyads with OUD, 40% used methadone and 20% had buprenorphine exposure during pregnancy. NDDs were observed in 36% of children with early methadone exposure compared to 17% in the early buprenorphine exposed group (aHR: 2.75; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42–5.35). Further comparison to late buprenorphine exposure, late methadone exposure was associated with higher NDD risk (aHR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.09–3.86). Compared to unexposed group, children exposed to methadone during early and late periods showed higher NDD incidences (aHR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.51–3.60 and aHR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.54–3.80, respectively).DiscussionThe study suggests that buprenorphine is a good treatment option for OUD during pregnancy due to minimal long‐term neurodevelopmental impacts on children. However, further extensive research is necessary to rule‐out potential confounding.

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Sequences of synaptogenesis in the human fetal and neonatal brain by synaptophysin immunocytochemistry

Cited by 6 publications

References 35 publications

Investigating the role of Purkinje fibers and synaptic connectivity in balance regulation through comprehensive ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis of the donkey's (Equus asinus) cerebellum

Investigating the role of Purkinje fibers and synaptic connectivity in balance regulation through comprehensive ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis of the donkey's (Equus asinus) cerebellum

The molecular fundamentals of neurorehabilitation and their modulation by thyroid hormones

Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children prenatally exposed to opioid maintenance treatment: A population‐based study

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