This study sequenced and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of
Rhinogobius filamentosus
, an endemic species in China. The complete mitochondrial genome was 16,510 base pairs long and contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs, 11,414 bp), 22 tRNA genes (1,555 bp), two rRNA genes (2,615 bp), two non-coding regions (D-loop: control region displacement loop, 478 bp; OL: origin of L-strand replication, 30 bp). The overall base composition of the genome was estimated to be T (25.4%), C (30.2%), A (27.6%) and G (16.7%), showing an AT bias (53%). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the genus
Rhinogobius
included two clades. For one clade,
R. filamentosus
clustered with
R. duospilus
, and they formed a sister-group relationship with other ten
Rhinogobius
species. This work would be essential in revealing the evolutionary relationships in Gobionellinae.