“…Proctolin, the first insect neuropeptide that had been isolated and characterized from the American cockroach Periplaneta americana (Brown & Starratt, ), and CCAP, first isolated from the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (Stangier, Hilbich, Beyreuther, & Keller, ), are well known for their cardiostimulating effects in various insects (see reviews by Chowański et al., ; Orchard, Belanger, & Lange, ). Additionally, some members of the adipokinetic hormone/red pigment‐concentrating hormone (AKH/RPCH) family, which are mainly known for their regulation of insect energy metabolism (Gäde, ), are also reported to be capable of increasing the rate of heart beat in certain insects: Peram‐CAH‐I & ‐II, tested in P. americana (Baumann & Gersch, ; Scarborough et al., ); Peram‐CAH‐I & ‐II, Rommi‐CC‐I, Grybi‐AKH, Locmi‐AKH‐I, Schgr‐AKH‐II, Bladi‐HrTH, Panbo‐RPCH, and Carmo‐HrTH‐II, tested in P. americana (Baumann, Gäde, & Penzlin, ); Carmo‐HrTH‐II tested in Baculum extradentatum (Malik, Gäde, & Lange, ).…”