“…For this reason, profiling and modeling studies in online learning will guide researchers and practitioners in data-driven decision-making processes at different levels such as teaching, adaptation, and recommendation. In the e-learning literature, various studies examine sequential behavior patterns (Cheng & Chu, 2019;Şahin et al, 2020), social interactions (Cela et al, 2015;Yıldırım, 2018), learner profiles (Eryılmaz, 2019;Liang, 2017), emotional states (Osmanoğlu et al, 2020), and discussion forum interactions (Huang et al, 2014;Huang et al, 2019;Kent et al, 2016;Wong et al, 2015). In addition to these, studies are carried out to predict students' success (Saa, 2016;Shahiri, & Husain, 2015) or drop out (Baker et al, 2015;Mubarak et al, 2020) using educational data mining techniques.…”