Sequential Arm Movements in Patients With Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease and Dystonia

Abstract

We studied the performance of sequential arm movements in 14 patients with Parkinson's disease, nine patients with Huntington's disease and seven patients with arm dystonia. The results were compared with those from normal subjects. Subjects had to perform each movement of the sequence as fast as possible, stopping as briefly as possible between two successive movements. In one set of experiments, patients with Parkinson's disease drew four different geometrical patterns in a counter-clockwise direction. The patterns consisted of two, three, four and five segments of identical length. In a second set, the subjects drew a pentagon in a counter-clockwise and a clockwise direction and each side of the pentagon singly in a counter-clockwise direction. All three groups of patients were slow in executing movements and in switching from one movement to the next. Only patients with Parkinson's disease took longer to perform the segments at the end of a sequence. In other words, their movement times lengthened progressively as the sequence progressed. This phenomenon could still be recognized when the direction and position of the segments were changed (pentagon drawn in the counter-clockwise and the clockwise direction) and when the extra-time needed, mainly due to the sequential nature of the task, was considered by computing the differences between movement times obtained during drawing of the pentagon and those obtained when each segment was traced singly. This study demonstrates that sequential movements are abnormal in Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and dystonia and that in the performance of long motor sequences, the deficit in sequencing movements is exacerbated only in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Control of manipulative forces during unimanual and bimanual tasks in patients with Huntington’s disease

“…The unstable planning of manipulative forces for HD patients when moving rhythmically hand-held objects extends previous findings of disturbed spatiotemporal behavior during bimanual activities (Hefter et al 1987;Johnson et al 2000) and sequential movements (Agostino et al 1992;Georgiou et al 1995). Overall, the present data demonstrate that regulation of movement components in unimanual and bimanual actions is disrupted in HD, resulting in modulated motor behavior.…”

Impaired sequence learning in carriers of the DYT1 dystonia mutation

“…30 A functional deficit in this region may be consistent with the difficulty in switching between movements that has been reported in affected dystonia patients. 31 The mechanism of impaired motor sequence learning and altered brain activation responses in nonmanifesting carriers of the DYT1 mutation is unknown. Recent electrophysiological studies have attributed dystonia to an altered pattern of pallidal output with burst firing and highly irregular interspike frequencies.…”

Early Huntington’s disease affects movements in transformed sensorimotor mappings

“…Impairments in voluntary movement appear early in HD and are often similar to those seen after damage to premotor or prefrontal cortex. HD patients show problems planning and selecting movements especially when response selection requires attention such as in sequential responses, novel contexts or when interference from competing responses is present (Agostino, Berardelli, Formica, Accornero, & Manfredi, 1992;Bradshaw et al, 1992;Curra et al, 2000;Georgiou, Bradshaw, Phillips, Chiu, & Bradshaw, 1995;Girotti, Marano, Soliveri, Geminiani, & Scigliano, 1988;Gordon, Quinn, Reilmann, & Marder, 2000;Jahanshahi, Brown, & Marsden, 1993;Phillips, Chiu, Bradshaw, & Lansek, 1995;Sprengelmeyer, Lange, & Homberg, 1995;Thompson et al, 1988).…”