Sequential Model Based Intrusion Detection System for IoT Servers Using Deep Learning Methods

Zhong, Ming; Zhou, Yajin; Chen, Gang

doi:10.3390/s21041113

Cited by 69 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…It handles input or output data sequences in text streams, audio clips, video clips, time series data and other types of sequential data. It comprises a convolution layer, nonlinear activation layer, pooling layer and a fully connected layer [74].…”

Section: Sequential Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of English Braille Patterns Using Automated Tools and RICA Based Feature Extraction Methods

Shokat

Riaz

Rizvi

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Braille is used as a mode of communication all over the world. Technological advancements are transforming the way Braille is read and written. This study developed an English Braille pattern identification system using robust machine learning techniques using the English Braille Grade-1 dataset. English Braille Grade-1 dataset was collected using a touchscreen device from visually impaired students of the National Special Education School Muzaffarabad. For better visualization, the dataset was divided into two classes as class 1 (1–13) (a–m) and class 2 (14–26) (n–z) using 26 Braille English characters. A position-free braille text entry method was used to generate synthetic data. N = 2512 cases were included in the final dataset. Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Trees (DT) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) with Reconstruction Independent Component Analysis (RICA) and PCA-based feature extraction methods were used for Braille to English character recognition. Compared to PCA, Random Forest (RF) algorithm and Sequential methods, better results were achieved using the RICA-based feature extraction method. The evaluation metrics used were the True Positive Rate (TPR), True Negative Rate (TNR), Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV), False Positive Rate (FPR), Total Accuracy, Area Under the Receiver Operating Curve (AUC) and F1-Score. A statistical test was also performed to justify the significance of the results.

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Section: Sequential Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of English Braille Patterns Using Automated Tools and RICA Based Feature Extraction Methods

Shokat

Riaz

Rizvi

et al. 2022

Sensors

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“…Zhong et al [ 90 ] compared the results from two new DL methods, Gated Returning Units (GRU) and Text-CNN, with traditional ML algorithms such as Decision Tree, NB and SVM. The methods were applied on two datasets: KDD99 [ 17 ] and the ADFA-LD [ 91 ].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Embedded Feature Selection and CNN for Classification on CCD-INID-V1—A New IoT Dataset

Liu

Thapa

Shaver

et al. 2021

Sensors

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As Internet of Things (IoT) networks expand globally with an annual increase of active devices, providing better safeguards to threats is becoming more prominent. An intrusion detection system (IDS) is the most viable solution that mitigates the threats of cyberattacks. Given the many constraints of the ever-changing network environment of IoT devices, an effective yet lightweight IDS is required to detect cyber anomalies and categorize various cyberattacks. Additionally, most publicly available datasets used for research do not reflect the recent network behaviors, nor are they made from IoT networks. To address these issues, in this paper, we have the following contributions: (1) we create a dataset from IoT networks, namely, the Center for Cyber Defense (CCD) IoT Network Intrusion Dataset V1 (CCD-INID-V1); (2) we propose a hybrid lightweight form of IDS—an embedded model (EM) for feature selection and a convolutional neural network (CNN) for attack detection and classification. The proposed method has two models: (a) RCNN: Random Forest (RF) is combined with CNN and (b) XCNN: eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) is combined with CNN. RF and XGBoost are the embedded models to reduce less impactful features. (3) We attempt anomaly (binary) classifications and attack-based (multiclass) classifications on CCD-INID-V1 and two other IoT datasets, the detection_of_IoT_botnet_attacks_N_BaIoT dataset (Balot) and the CIRA-CIC-DoHBrw-2020 dataset (DoH20), to explore the effectiveness of these learning-based security models. Using RCNN, we achieved an Area under the Receiver Characteristic Operator (ROC) Curve (AUC) score of 0.956 with a runtime of 32.28 s on CCD-INID-V1, 0.999 with a runtime of 71.46 s on Balot, and 0.986 with a runtime of 35.45 s on DoH20. Using XCNN, we achieved an AUC score of 0.998 with a runtime of 51.38 s for CCD-INID-V1, 0.999 with a runtime of 72.12 s for Balot, and 0.999 with a runtime of 72.91 s for DoH20. Compared to KNN, XCNN required 86.98% less computational time, and RCNN required 91.74% less computational time to achieve equal or better accurate anomaly detections. We find XCNN and RCNN are consistently efficient and handle scalability well; in particular, 1000 times faster than KNN when dealing with a relatively larger dataset-Balot. Finally, we highlight RCNN and XCNN’s ability to accurately detect anomalies with a significant reduction in computational time. This advantage grants flexibility for the IDS placement strategy. Our IDS can be placed at a central server as well as resource-constrained edge devices. Our lightweight IDS requires low train time and hence decreases reaction time to zero-day attacks.

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“…Zhong et al [125], using Deep Learning models, proposed a sequential model-based Intrusion Detection System for Internet of Things (IoT) servers. Their model uses tcpdump packets to get information from the network layer and system procedures to gather information from the application layer.…”

Section: Intrusion Detection In Iotmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Deep Learning for Quality of Service Enhancement in Internet of Things: A Review

2021

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The role of the Internet of Things (IoT) networks and systems in our daily life cannot be underestimated. IoT is among the fastest evolving innovative technologies that are digitizing and interconnecting many domains. Most life-critical and finance-critical systems are now IoT-based. It is, therefore, paramount that the Quality of Service (QoS) of IoTs is guaranteed. Traditionally, IoTs use heuristic, game theory approaches and optimization techniques for QoS guarantee. However, these methods and approaches have challenges whenever the number of users and devices increases or when multicellular situations are considered. Moreover, IoTs receive and generate huge amounts of data that cannot be effectively handled by the traditional methods for QoS assurance, especially in extracting useful features from this data. Deep Learning (DL) approaches have been suggested as a potential candidate in solving and handling the above-mentioned challenges in order to enhance and guarantee QoS in IoT. In this paper, we provide an extensive review of how DL techniques have been applied to enhance QoS in IoT. From the papers reviewed, we note that QoS in IoT-based systems is breached when the security and privacy of the systems are compromised or when the IoT resources are not properly managed. Therefore, this paper aims at finding out how Deep Learning has been applied to enhance QoS in IoT by preventing security and privacy breaches of the IoT-based systems and ensuring the proper and efficient allocation and management of IoT resources. We identify Deep Learning models and technologies described in state-of-the-art research and review papers and identify those that are most used in handling IoT QoS issues. We provide a detailed explanation of QoS in IoT and an overview of commonly used DL-based algorithms in enhancing QoS. Then, we provide a comprehensive discussion of how various DL techniques have been applied for enhancing QoS. We conclude the paper by highlighting the emerging areas of research around Deep Learning and its applicability in IoT QoS enhancement, future trends, and the associated challenges in the application of Deep Learning for QoS in IoT.

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Sequential Model Based Intrusion Detection System for IoT Servers Using Deep Learning Methods

Cited by 69 publications

References 32 publications

Characterization of English Braille Patterns Using Automated Tools and RICA Based Feature Extraction Methods

Characterization of English Braille Patterns Using Automated Tools and RICA Based Feature Extraction Methods

Using Embedded Feature Selection and CNN for Classification on CCD-INID-V1—A New IoT Dataset

Application of Deep Learning for Quality of Service Enhancement in Internet of Things: A Review

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