Sequential Versus Simultaneous Processing Deficits in Developmental Dyslexia

Lallier, Marie; Valdois, Sylviane

doi:10.5772/39042

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 115 publications

(108 reference statements)

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“…Despite a large number of studies conducted on developmental dyslexia, the origin of this disorder is still under debate (see Lallier & Valdois, 2012, for a review). Specifically, in recent years a controversy has grown around the hypothesis that developmental dyslexia may be caused, in some cases, by a reduced visual attention span (Bosse, Tainturier & Valdois, 2007;Bosse & Valdois, 2009;Valdois, Bosse & Tainturier, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do dyslexic individuals present a reduced visual attention span? Evidence from visual recognition tasks of non-verbal multi-character arrays

2016

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A controversy has recently developed regarding the hypothesis that developmental dyslexia may be caused, in some cases, by a reduced visual attention span (VAS). To examine this hypothesis, independent of phonological abilities, researchers tested the ability of dyslexic participants to recognize arrays of unfamiliar visual characters. Employing this test, findings were rather equivocal: dyslexic participants exhibited poor performance in some studies but normal performance in others. The present study explored four methodological differences revealed between the two sets of studies that might underlie their conflicting results. Specifically, in two experiments we examined whether a VAS deficit is (a) specific to recognition of multi-character arrays as wholes rather than of individual characters within arrays, (b) specific to characters' position within arrays rather than to characters' identity, or revealed only under a higher attention load due to (c) low-discriminable characters, and/or (d) characters' short exposure. Furthermore, in this study we examined whether pure dyslexic participants who do not have attention disorder exhibit a reduced VAS. Although comorbidity of dyslexia and attention disorder is common and the ability to sustain attention for a long time plays a major rule in the visual recognition task, the presence of attention disorder was neither evaluated nor ruled out in previous studies. Findings did not reveal any differences between the performance of dyslexic and control participants on eight versions of the visual recognition task. These findings suggest that pure dyslexic individuals do not present a reduced visual attention span.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do dyslexic individuals present a reduced visual attention span? Evidence from visual recognition tasks of non-verbal multi-character arrays

2016

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Visual rapid processing includes rapid temporal processing and rapid simultaneous processing (Lallier and Valdois, 2010). The visual rapid temporal processing refers to the sequential dimension of processing, i.e., discriminating the succession of two or more stimuli (Farmer and Klein, 1995; Lallier and Valdois, 2010). Relevant research usually adopted tasks of gap detection, temporal order judgment, coherent motion detection, moving/flickering grating detection to measure the ability of visual rapid temporal processing (Farmer and Klein, 1995; McLean et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Relevant research usually adopted tasks of gap detection, temporal order judgment, coherent motion detection, moving/flickering grating detection to measure the ability of visual rapid temporal processing (Farmer and Klein, 1995; McLean et al, 2011). The visual rapid simultaneous processing refers to the spatial dimension of processing, i.e., integrating multiple stimuli in parallel (Lallier and Valdois, 2010). The visual attention span is usually considered as an index of the visual rapid simultaneous processing (Bosse et al, 2007; Lallier and Valdois, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Underlying Skills of Oral and Silent Reading Fluency in Chinese: Perspective of Visual Rapid Processing

et al. 2017

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Reading fluency is a critical skill to improve the quality of our daily life and working efficiency. The majority of previous studies focused on oral reading fluency rather than silent reading fluency, which is a much more dominant reading mode that is used in middle and high school and for leisure reading. It is still unclear whether the oral and silent reading fluency involved the same underlying skills. To address this issue, the present study examined the relationship between the visual rapid processing and Chinese reading fluency in different modes. Fifty-eight undergraduate students took part in the experiment. The phantom contour paradigm and the visual 1-back task were adopted to measure the visual rapid temporal and simultaneous processing respectively. These two tasks reflected the temporal and spatial dimensions of visual rapid processing separately. We recorded the temporal threshold in the phantom contour task, as well as reaction time and accuracy in the visual 1-back task. Reading fluency was measured in both single-character and sentence levels. Fluent reading of single characters was assessed with a paper-and-pencil lexical decision task, and a sentence verification task was developed to examine reading fluency on a sentence level. The reading fluency test in each level was conducted twice (i.e., oral reading and silent reading). Reading speed and accuracy were recorded. The correlation analysis showed that the temporal threshold in the phantom contour task did not correlate with the scores of the reading fluency tests. Although, the reaction time in visual 1-back task correlated with the reading speed of both oral and silent reading fluency, the comparison of the correlation coefficients revealed a closer relationship between the visual rapid simultaneous processing and silent reading. Furthermore, the visual rapid simultaneous processing exhibited a significant contribution to reading fluency in silent mode but not in oral reading mode. These findings suggest that the underlying mechanism between oral and silent reading fluency is different at the beginning of the basic visual coding. The current results also might reveal a potential modulation of the language characteristics of Chinese on the relationship between visual rapid processing and reading fluency.

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“…An important question then is the general applicability of eye movement patterns analysis. Dyslexia has significant prevalence (~5%) in the population and may have a deep association with disruptions in eye movement patterns, perhaps in difficulties in phonological processing of seen text or in an impaired capacity to monitor eye movement (Lallier andValdois, 2012 andRayner et al, 1995). In our study we did not explicitly screen for these disorders and it is possible our data set included individuals with these conditions.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inferring user knowledge level from eye movement patterns

Cole

Gwizdka

Liu

et al. 2013

Information Processing & Management

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The acquisition of information and the search interaction process is influenced strongly by a person's use of their knowledge of the domain and the task. In this paper we show that a user's level of domain knowledge can be inferred from their interactive search behaviors without considering the content of queries or documents. A technique is presented to model a user's information acquisition process during search using only measurements of eye movement patterns. In a user study (n=40) of search in the domain of genomics, a representation of the participant's domain knowledge was constructed using self-ratings of knowledge of genomics-related terms (n=409). Cognitive effort features associated with reading eye movement patterns were calculated for each reading instance during the search tasks. The results show correlations between the cognitive effort due to reading and an individual's level of domain knowledge. We construct exploratory regression models that suggest it is possible to build models that can make predictions of the user's level of knowledge based on real-time measurements of eye movement patterns during a task session.

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Sequential Versus Simultaneous Processing Deficits in Developmental Dyslexia

Cited by 18 publications

References 115 publications

Do dyslexic individuals present a reduced visual attention span? Evidence from visual recognition tasks of non-verbal multi-character arrays

Do dyslexic individuals present a reduced visual attention span? Evidence from visual recognition tasks of non-verbal multi-character arrays

Underlying Skills of Oral and Silent Reading Fluency in Chinese: Perspective of Visual Rapid Processing

Inferring user knowledge level from eye movement patterns

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