Serial In Vivo Observations of Cerebral Vasculature after Treatment with a Large Single Fraction of Radiation

Abstract

To test whether single high doses of radiation, similar to those used with radiosurgery, given to normal cerebral vasculature can cause changes in leukocyte-vessel wall interactions and tissue perfusion, a rat pial window model was used to view the cerebral vasculature, facilitating repeated in vivo observations of microcirculatory function. An attachment for a 4 MV linear accelerator was designed to deliver a well-collimated 2.2-mm beam of radiation to a selected region of rat brain. Sequential measurements of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, relative change in blood flow with laser Doppler flowmetry and vessel length density were performed prior to and at 24 h and 3 weeks after treatment with 15, 22.5 or 30 Gy, given in a single fraction. Significant increases in leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions were seen 24 h and 3 weeks after irradiation that were dependent on dose, particularly in arteries. Changes were apparent in both arteries and veins at 24 h, but by 3 weeks the effects in arteries predominated. Decreases in vessel length density and blood flow were observed and became greater with time after treatment. A variety of morphological changes were observed in irradiated arteries, including formation of aneurysmal structures, endothelial denudation and thrombus formation. These results suggest that: (1) An increase in leukocyte-vessel wall interactions occurs after irradiation; (2) cerebral arterioles are more sensitive than veins to radiation administered in this fashion; and (3) the increase in leukocyte-vessel wall interactions likely contributes to reduction of or loss of arteriolar flow, with resultant loss of flow to dependent microvascular vessels.

Role of P‐selectin in radiation‐induced intestinal inflammatory damage

“…An increase in leukocyte adhesion was already observed 2 hr after irradiation and was sustained during the 24-hr observation period. This is in keeping with previous intravital microscopy observations documenting an acute inflammatory response after irradiation in various organ systems [2,3,25].…”

Long-term Cardiovascular Toxicity in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults Who Receive Cancer Therapy: Pathophysiology, Course, Monitoring, Management, Prevention, and Research Directions

“…150,151 With these data, histological and cellular responses of the human cerebrovasculature to radiotherapy can be characterized according to vessel diameter and time from treatment (Table 3).…”

Total body irradiation causes profound changes in endothelial traffic molecules for hematopoietic progenitor cell recruitment to bone marrow

“…For example, irradiation increased rat pial and dermal vessel diameters and blood flow. 38,39 Thus, microhemodynamic effects in any particular tissue cannot be extrapolated from observations in other organs. Nevertheless, if we assume that the observed effects in murine skull BM may occur in irradiated BM throughout a patient's body, this might result in significant hypoperfusion.…”