Sero-epidemiology of Contagious Ecthyma Based on Detection of IgG Antibody in Selected Sheep and Goats Farms in Malaysia

Bala, Jamilu Abubakar; Balakrishnan, Krishnan Nair; Abdullah, Ashwaq Ahmad; Yi, Lim Cheng; Bitrus, Asinamai Athliamai; Abba, Yusuf; Aliyu, Isah Abubakar; Peter, Innocent Damudu; Hambali, Idris Umar; Mohamed, Ramlan; Jesse, Faez Firdaus Abdullah; Haron, Abd Wahid; Noordin, Mustapha Mohamed; Lila, Mohd Azmi Mohd

doi:10.17582/journal.aavs/2018/6.5.219.226

Cited by 8 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The current results show that daily administration of 5 mg·kg −1 dexamethasone on days 3–7 days after infection did not inhibit the development of acute lesions by orf virus infection in mice. Both Malaysian isolates of orf viruses produced similar lesion based on scoring as reported in our recent studies [ 20 ]. As such ORFV UPM1/14 isolate was chosen and evaluated for its pathogenicity together with administration of dexamethasone as this mimic's animals under stress situation [ 16 , 26 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Skin tissues from infected mice were collected for DNA extraction by using Vivantis GF-1, a commercial standard DNA extraction kit. Virus suspensions were prepared from each sample and DNA was extracted by using protocol previously described by Abdullah et al [ 6 , 20 ]. DNA extracted was stored at −20°C until further use.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These genes coding structural and valuable for the replication process of the ORFV. The PCR procedure was previously described [ 20 ] by using primer sets: B2L and F1L (B2L forward primer:5-ATG TGG CCG TTC TCC TCT ATC-3; B2L reverse primer:5-TTA ATT TAT TGG CTT GCA G-3; F1L forward primer: 5-ATG GAT CCA CCC GAA ATC AC-3; and F1L reverse primer: 5-TCA CAC GAT GGC CGT GAC CAG-3). PCR procedure was accomplished according to the manufacturer's instruction (Novagen, Toyobo, Japan).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dermatopathology of Orf Virus (Malaysian Isolates) in Mice Experimentally Inoculated at Different Sites with and without Dexamethasone Administration

Bala

Balakrishnan

Abdullah

et al. 2018

Journal of Pathogens

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Orf is a clinical manifestation of parapoxvirus infection often fatal in goats and sheep especially when they are under stress or influenced by unfavorable environment. This study investigated the pathogenicity of two Orf virus isolates (ORFV UPM1/14 and UPM2/14) and host response in mouse model by using different inoculation sites with/without prior exposure to dexamethasone. Treatments with dexamethasone served as an immunosuppressant that may mimic stress situation in affected animals. Groups of five mice were given intradermal injection of 0.2 mL of tissue culture infective dose 50 (TCID50) of UPM1/14 (Group 1) and UPM2/14 (Group 2) at the dorsum (Group 1A; Group 2A), ear pinna (Group 1B; Group 2B), and labial commissure (Group 1C; Group 2C). An inoculum 0.2 mL of UPM1/14 was administered to animals treated with dexamethasone (n=5; 5 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally) and nondexamethasone (n=5) groups at the dorsum, ear pinna, and labial commissure. No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in the mean lesion scores among the groups of different inoculation sites or between dexamethasone-treated and nontreated groups. However, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean stratum thickness of affected skin following inoculation with UPM2/14 isolate at the ear pinna and labial commissure. Histopathology examination revealed keratosis, acanthosis, and ballooning degeneration in the skin of affected mice. Orf virus DNA was detected in the skin samples by targeting F1L and B2L virus-specific genes in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Intradermal inoculation with UPM1/14 or UPM2/14 isolate produced a mild skin lesion in mice, and there was no significant difference in orf disease manifestation despite variation of inoculation sites. Similarly, short-term dexamethasone administration gave no adverse effects on pathogenicity of orf virus isolates.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dermatopathology of Orf Virus (Malaysian Isolates) in Mice Experimentally Inoculated at Different Sites with and without Dexamethasone Administration

Bala

Balakrishnan

Abdullah

et al. 2018

Journal of Pathogens

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“…ELISA test employed in this study revealed an overall seroprevalence rate of 22.8% based on antibody titre among the sampled population. This indicates a considerably high sero-conversion rate of the disease compared with a similar study in the Selangor, Malaysia with a prevalence rate of 14.4% in goats and 12.2% in sheep [27]. However another report by Jesse et al [26] which was high prevalence rate (36.7%) among goat population, based on IgM detection observed and thus indicates an active infection in that State.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…However, this promising industry is being challenged by the menace of infectious diseases including contagious ecthyma which has resulted in a huge financial loss in the country [25]. A recent works conducted by Sadiq et al, [9], Jesse et al, [26] and Bala et al, [27] have elucidated on the prevalence of Orf in the state of Selangor, Malaysia which poses an alarming prevalence high prevalence. However, adequate information on Orf outbreak is lacking on eastern region of Peninsular Malaysia thus, the associated risk factors including the impact on sheep and goat husbandry practices is still obscure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An association of Orf virus infection among sheep and goats with herd health programme in Terengganu state, eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia

et al. 2019

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Background Orf virus causes a scabby skin lesions which decreases productivity in small ruminants. The unknown status of this disease in the eastern region of Peninsular Malaysia warrants a study to determine sero-prevalence of orf with regards to farmers’ compliance level towards the Herd Health Program (HHP) programme. Results Out of 504 animals, 115 were positive for Orf-virus antibodies. An overall prevalence rate of 22.8% indicated a high prevalence of orf disease in this region. It was observed that 25.1% (92/367) of goats were positive and 16.8% (23/137) of sheep sero-converted for Orf virus antibody. Several factors were measured for their possible association with prevalence of Orf virus infection. The prevalence was higher in LY farm, JC breed, kid and female animals, and in the presence of disease lesion. Chi-square analysis showed a significant association of three risk factors which are species, age and sex of the animals ( P < 0.05). Notwithstanding, all other variables showed no significant difference ( P > 0.05). Farms surveyed usually practised intensive management system, keeping animals in the shade at all time, due to limited availability of suitable land as a free-range grazing area. An interview with small holder farmers revealed a lack of awareness of the main goals of herd health programme. An overall compliance level of 42.7% was observed for all HHP parameters. Among the 14 main components of HHP modules, animal identification had recorded highest compliance level (84.62%) while milking management recorded the least compliance (− 82.69%). That explained why there was a high sporadic prevalence of Orf infection in this region. Conclusion Good herd health supervision is a rehearsal target to prevent an outbreak and the spread of diseases thus reduces economic losses among farmers. Therefore, a good herd health programme should be in place, in order to prevent and control disease transmission as well as to improve herd immunity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1999-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Identification of strain diversity and phylogenetic analysis based on two major essential proteins of Orf viruses isolated from several clinical cases reported in Malaysia

Bala

Balakrishnan

Jesse

et al. 2020

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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There is a little information on the characterization of Orf virus strains that are endemic in Malaysia. The relationship between the severity of disease and the molecular genetic profile of Orf virus strains has not been fully elucidated. This study documented the first confirmed report of contagious ecthyma causing by Orf virus in goats from a selected state of eastern peninsular Malaysia. The disease causes significant debilitation due to the inability of affected animals to suckle which brings a great economic loss to the farmers. A total of 504 animals were examined individually to recognize the affected animals with Orf lesion. Skin scrapping was used to collect the scab material from the infected animals. The presence of Orf virus was confirmed by combination of methods including virus isolation on vero cells, identification by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and molecular technique using PCR and Sanger sequencing. The results showed the successful isolation of four Orf virus strains with a typical cytopathic effects on the cultured vero cells line. The morphology was confirmed to be Orf virus with a distinctive ovoid and criss cross structure. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolated strains were closely related to each other and to other previously isolated Malaysian orf viruses. In addition these Orf virus strains were closely related to Orf viruses from China and India. This study provides more valuable insight in terms of genotype of Orf virus circulating in Malaysia.

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Sero-epidemiology of Contagious Ecthyma Based on Detection of IgG Antibody in Selected Sheep and Goats Farms in Malaysia

Cited by 8 publications

References 27 publications

Dermatopathology of Orf Virus (Malaysian Isolates) in Mice Experimentally Inoculated at Different Sites with and without Dexamethasone Administration

Dermatopathology of Orf Virus (Malaysian Isolates) in Mice Experimentally Inoculated at Different Sites with and without Dexamethasone Administration

An association of Orf virus infection among sheep and goats with herd health programme in Terengganu state, eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia

Identification of strain diversity and phylogenetic analysis based on two major essential proteins of Orf viruses isolated from several clinical cases reported in Malaysia

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