Sero-Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Peste Des Petits Ruminants in Dera and Gerar Jarso Districts of Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Abstract

Introduction Peste des petits ruminants is a transboundary disease of major economic importance and imposes significant constraints on small ruminant production. Methods A cross-sectional study was employed in Dera and Gerar Jarso districts of the North Shewa zone, Oromia Region from February 2021 to March 2022, to estimate the antibody of PPRV and assess the associated risk factors. Blood samples (n = 662) were collected from sheep and goats. Cluster sampling strategy was employed to collect the data. Villages/Kebeles and individual small ruminants were randomly selected, while households were designated using a systematic random sampling method. Results An overall individual animal and flock level sero-prevalence was 10.3% (95% CI = 8.2–12.8) and 100% (95% CI = 96.3–100), respectively, from the c-ELISA test result. A sero-prevalence of 11.2% (95% CI = 8.7–14.4) in Dera and 8% (95% CI = 5–12.7) in Gerar Jarso districts was recorded. Discussion Flock size, age, sex, communal grazing, and watering system, new small ruminant introduction into a flock, and mixed rearing were significantly associated with PPR sero-positivity in sheep and goats. The chance of PPR occurrence in goats was 4 times (OR = 4; P = 0.000) more than sheep. Female sheep and goats were more likely to be sero-positive to PPR by 3 times (OR = 3.2; P = 0.003) than males. The newly introduced small ruminants had 4 times more odds (OR = 4.4; P = 0.000) of sero-positivity than animals being born at home. Small ruminants kept under communal grazing and watering system were nearly 12 times (OR = 11.5; P = 0.024) more likely sero-positive than privately managed small ruminants. Likewise, sheep and goats reared together were almost 9 times (OR = 9.4; P = 0.000) a higher chance of being sero-positive compared with separately reared small ruminants. Conclusion The finding of PPR virus antibodies in small ruminants from all study areas indicates endemic circulation of the virus. The implementation of regular vaccination could minimize the occurrence of PPR.

Recapitulation of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Prevalence in Small Ruminant Populations of Pakistan from 2004 to 2023: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…This meta-analysis highlights the need to enhance monitoring surveillance, improve vaccination coverage, and address the risk factors linked to disease transmission. Effective implementation of control measures and reducing the burden of PPR in Pakistan need Although there are biological differences between sheep and goats, the variations in prevalence can be explained by factors such as how the samples were collected, how many animals there were in a particular area, management practices, and the specific type of virus lineage [21,71,72]. In addition, it is conceivable that PPRV preferentially infects goats over sheep or vice versa, depending on the endemic scenario.…”

“…Although there are biological differences between sheep and goats, the variations in prevalence can be explained by factors such as how the samples were collected, how many animals there were in a particular area, management practices, and the specific type of virus lineage [ 21 , 71 , 72 ]. In addition, it is conceivable that PPRV preferentially infects goats over sheep or vice versa, depending on the endemic scenario.…”

“…In addition, it is conceivable that PPRV preferentially infects goats over sheep or vice versa, depending on the endemic scenario. Furthermore, the severity of the disease may also vary from species to species [ 72 ]. The variations in the prevalence statistics provided in this study depend on variables such as the source of the sample, the technique used for detection, and the time frame of the investigation.…”

Modeling for Smart Vaccination against Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

“…The formulation and implementation of the PPR vaccination campaign by targeting prioritized specific animal holdings based on such model has resulted in an increase in the total number of animals vaccinated and the vaccination coverage. Animal holdings at risk of PPR infection that contain high numbers of sheep and goats [20][21][22][23], those which were not vaccinated for a long time [24], as well as others located with 5 km radius of reported PPR outbreaks [25], were all vaccinated. This ensured an even generation of immunization against PPR among the susceptible small ruminants' population in the Abu Dhabi Emirate and thereby enhanced the acceleration of the control and eradication of the disease from the country.…”