Seroepidemiology, modifiable risk factors and clinical symptoms of <i>Toxocara</i> spp. infection in northern Iran

Aghamolaie, Somayeh; Seyyedtabaei, Seyyed Javad; Behniafar, Hamed; Foroutan, Masoud; Saber, Vafa; Hanifehpur, Hooman; Mehravar, Saeed; Rostami, Ali

doi:10.1093/trstmh/try118

Cited by 32 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…8). Despite of equal records of Toxocara/Toxascaris infection from rural and urban areas, seroprevalence was partly elevated in urban regions rather than rural territories, resulting from the likely heterogeneity among studies and/or lack of sufficient records; care must be taken in interpreting such result as rural areas are naturally considered as higher risk areas than urban [9,11,17,20]. Toxocariasis due to several species of Toxocara and/or Toxascaris roundworms is still a seriously notifiable public health issue, particularly due to its intricate transmission routes [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human infection occurs by accidental ingestion of eggs, and, to a lesser extent, via pica and devouring on the paratenic hosts, including chicken, cattle, lamb, pig, and earthworms [4,6]. Consequently, developmentally-arrested larvae migrate through body organs, but don't develop into mature worms; hence, they provoke an array of syndromes enclosing VLM, NLM, and OLM as well as covert infection and asymptomatic toxocariasis [7][8][9]. Although rare, cardiac-associated toxocariasis is a serious, life-threatening complication due to VLM which has recently been emphasized [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Toxocara and Toxascaris infection among human and animals in Iran with meta-analysis approach

et al. 2020

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Background: Toxocariasis is a worldwide zoonotic parasitic disease caused by species of Toxocara and Toxascaris, common in dogs and cats. Herein, a meta-analysis was contrived to assess the prevalence of Toxocara/Toxascaris in carnivore and human hosts in different regions of Iran from April 1969 to June 2019. Methods: The available online articles of English (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Ovid) and Persian (SID, Iran Medex, Magiran, and Iran Doc) databases and also the articles that presented in held parasitology congresses of Iran were involved. Results: The weighted prevalence of Toxocara/Toxascaris in dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) was 24.2% (95% CI: 18.0-31.0%) and 32.6% (95% CI: 22.6-43.4%), respectively. Also, pooled prevalence in jackal (Canis aureus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) was 23.3% (95% CI: 7.7-43.2%) and 69.4% (95% CI: 60.3-77.8%), correspondingly. Weighted mean prevalence of human cases with overall 28 records was 9.3% (95% CI: 6.3-13.1%). The weighted prevalence of Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, and Toxascaris leonina was represented as 13.8% (95% CI: 9.8-18.3%), 28.5% (95% CI: 20-37.7%) and 14.3% (95% CI: 8.1-22.0%), respectively. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis results illustrate a considerable prevalence rate of Toxocara/Toxascaris, particularly in cats and dogs of northern parts of Iran. The presence of suitable animal hosts, optimum climate and close contact of humans and animals would have been the reason for higher seroprevalence rates of human cases in our region. Given the significance clinical outcomes of human Toxocara/Toxascaris, necessary measures should be taken.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Toxocara and Toxascaris infection among human and animals in Iran with meta-analysis approach

et al. 2020

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“…In some parts of the world, such as Nigeria (86.1%) [6], the Republic of the Marshall Islands (86.75%), [7] and Northeast Brazil (63.6%) [8], the seroprevalence of toxocariasis was remarkably high. In Asia, the seroprevalence of toxocariasis was substantially high, at 46.0% in Taiwan [9], 45.9% in Turkey [10], 49% in the Philippines [11], 51.2% in Korea, and 23.5% -45.9% in Iran [12,13]. In Western countries, the prevalence was 5.0% in the United States [14], 8.0% in Italy [15] and 16.0% in Greece [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Western countries, the prevalence was 5.0% in the United States [14], 8.0% in Italy [15] and 16.0% in Greece [16]. Many factors have been proposed to be involved, including contact with dogs [8,12], children's age [17] and male sex [8,18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Toxocara canis infection among primary schoolchildren from rural areas of southern Thailand

Phasuk¹,

Punsawad²

2020

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BackgroundHuman toxocariasis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by a parasite in the genus Toxocara and is transmitted mainly by accidental ingestion of embryonated Toxocara canis (dog round worm) or T. cati (cat round worm) eggs. Several studies reported that children were the main population at risk for T. canis infection. Currently, no reports on the seroprevalence of T. canis infection in Thailand are available, and its status remains unknown among children who live in rural areas of southern Thailand.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of T. canis infection and its associated risk factors among primary schoolchildren in rural areas of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand.MethodsA total of 177 schoolchildren between 6 and 13 years of age were recruited between June and July 2019. Serum anti-T. canis IgG antibodies were detected with a commercial ELISA kit. A questionnaire administered by direct interviews was used to collect demographic and behavioral risk factor data.ResultsThe overall seroprevalence of T. canis infection was 58.2% (103 of 177). The univariate analysis revealed that schoolchildren who did not practice handwashing before a meal (crude odds ratio (COR) = 3.67, 95% CI: 1.93-6.95, P < 0.001), did not practice hand washing after animal contact (COR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.53-5.47, P = 0.001), and drank untreated water (COR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.00-3.48, P = 0.049) had an increased risk of acquiring T. canis infection. However, after adjusting for confounders, only a lack of handwashing before a meal remained a significant risk factor (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.11-4.34, P = 0.023). Age, sex, owning a dog and eating fresh vegetables were not significantly associated with T. canis infection in the current study.ConclusionsThis is the first serological investigation of T. canis infection among schoolchildren in Thailand. The high rate of Toxocara seropositivity reflected high levels of exposure to T. canis among schoolchildren in rural areas of southern Thailand. The results also provide baseline data regarding modifiable risk behaviors for effective T. canis infection prevention strategies in southern Thailand, especially strengthening hand washing practices among schoolchildren.

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“…Toxocariasis is responsible for the visceral and ocular larva migrans syndrome (3,13,14). In humans, as paratenic hosts, larvae of Toxocara canis do not develop into the adult stage, but migrate throughout the tissues and remain there as L3 arrested larvae for an extended period of time (15).…”

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Prevalence of intestinal nematodes of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in north-west Poland

Tylkowska

Pilarczyk

Tomza–Marciniak

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a widely distributed animal in the world. This wild carnivore is also a common host of several dangerous zoonotic parasites, primarily nematodes. Nematodes of red foxes, such as Toxocara canis and Uncinaria stenocephala, can cause numerous health problems in humans and domesticated animals. The aim of the study was to determine the parameters of occurrence of nematodes in red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in north-western Poland. Methods: The study was carried out in north-western Poland. The research material consisted of 620 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Parasitological sections of the foxes were taken using the sedimentation and counting technique.Results: The prevalence of infestations with nematodes was 77.3%, while the mean infection intensity was 20.1 per animal. The presence of Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Uncinaria stenocephala and Trichuris vulpis was noted. The greatest prevalence was presented by Uncinaria stenocephala (34.0%). Male and female foxes displayed a similar prevalence of nematodes. Their presence was recorded in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum of the foxes, and they were significantly more common in the jejunum than in other parts. The most commonly-observed coinfection was between Uncinaria stenocephala and Toxocara canis. Conclusions: It can be seen that nematodes are present in high numbers among foxes in north-western Poland. This phenomenon certainly contributes to an increased risk of transmission of parasites to humans and domestic animals, and this can represent a threat to health and even life.

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Seroepidemiology, modifiable risk factors and clinical symptoms of Toxocara spp. infection in northern Iran

Cited by 32 publications

References 44 publications

Prevalence of Toxocara and Toxascaris infection among human and animals in Iran with meta-analysis approach

Prevalence of Toxocara and Toxascaris infection among human and animals in Iran with meta-analysis approach

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Toxocara canis infection among primary schoolchildren from rural areas of southern Thailand

Prevalence of intestinal nematodes of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in north-west Poland

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