Seroepidemiology of human toxocariasis in North Africa

Adeel, Ahmed Awad

doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.023

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Toxocariasis studies in Africa have been mostly restricted and underreported ( 57 , 60 ). In addition, seroprevalence studies such as in northern Africa ( 61 ) have not met inclusion criteria for the present meta-analysis, including case reports, lack of dog or cat assessment as associated risk factors, lack of population stratification, toxocariasis with comorbidities and potential bias in methodology, data extraction and/or interpretation. Despite report limitations, Africa may provide optimum toxocariasis transmission environment, including climatic settings, poor infrastructure, low socioeconomic conditions, and lack of veterinarian care ( 1 , 56 , 62 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dog and Cat Contact as Risk Factor for Human Toxocariasis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Merigueti

Giuffrida

Silva

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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Toxocariasis, a neglected parasitic zoonosis with worldwide distribution, has been reportedly associated to different risk factors in several epidemiological and meta-analysis studies. However, dog and cat contact (environmental and animal exposure) as isolated associated risk factor for children and adults remains to be fully established. Accordingly, the present meta-analysis has aimed to directly assess dog and cat contact for toxocariasis seropositivity in under-18 and adult persons, using a survey strategy of PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus and Scielo Databases, from January 2009 to December 2021. A meta-analysis model of random effects was applied to estimate odds ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). The statistical heterogeneity was evaluated by the Cochran Q-Test and I2 values. A total of 41 transversal studies (n = 20.515 individuals) from different geographic regions (classified by the World Health Organization) were included herein. In overall, 1,882/13,496 (13.95%; 95% IC = 13.4–14.5) youngers and 513/7.019 (7.3%; 95% CI = 6.7–7.9) adults in contact with dogs or cats were serologically reagent for anti-Toxocara antibodies. Association of dog and cat contact was observed only in youngers, with both dogs (OR = 1.53; p < 0.0001) and cats (OR = 1.64; p = 0.0001). In addition, association of dog and contact and serology was statistically significant in populations of Americas (OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.1–1.7), Middle East (OR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.6–5.1) and West Pacific (OR = 1.6; 95% IC = 1.3–1.9). In conclusion, contact with dogs and cats, particularly by younger individuals and in regions such as Americas, Middle East, and West Pacific, should be always a public health concern for toxocariasis. Moreover, dogs and cats should be periodically dewormed, washed and hair cleaned prior to contact with youngers. Finally, robust statistical results herein may serve as basis for future strategies and preventive measures for safer dog and cat contact.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dog and Cat Contact as Risk Factor for Human Toxocariasis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Merigueti

Giuffrida

Silva

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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“…Noteworthy, 29% of detected hookworms were suspected to be from the zoonotic species A. caninum, according to the eggs length and width measurements (Lucio-Forster et al, 2012;Zajac and Conboy, 2013). In Morocco, published data on human infection with T. canis and A. caninum are sporadic and limited to case reports (Laghmari et al, 2003;Guamri et al, 2009;Daoudi et al, 2014;Benbella et al, 2016;Elyadari et al, 2018;Adeel, 2020;Gakosso et al, 2020;Kaibi et al, 2020). However, when taking in consideration the significant prevalence of T. canis among dogs of this study and the suspected cases of A. caninum, in addition to the Moroccan investigations that have revealed vegetable and wastewater contamination with these parasites (Hajjami et al, 2012(Hajjami et al, , 2013Hajjami, 2013;Adeel, 2020), the risk of human infection seems to be very likely and thus, human cases may be under-diagnosed or under reported in Morocco.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to a survey conducted between 2009 and 2010, published in the 'Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report' journal (MMWR), at least 68 cases of blindness and eye damages due to T. canis, were estimated to occur yearly in the USA (Lum et al, 2011). Other syndromes such as neurotoxocariasis and covert toxocariasis are also reported (Pinelli et al, 2011;Traversa, 2012;Adeel, 2020). Cutaneous infection by A. caninum may lead to a cutaneous larva migrans while oral infection may result in an eosinophilic enteritis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, risk factors and zoonotic potential of intestinal parasites in dogs from four locations in Morocco

Idrissi

Khatat

Duchateau

et al. 2022

Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports

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“…In Egypt, most cats are strays and can disseminate T. cati eggs everywhere in the environment; Toxocara eggs have been frequently recovered from soil in Egypt with a high burden up to 13–19 eggs/10 g of soil [ 30 ]. Therefore, the high Toxocara prevalence in the Egyptian cats suggests the underestimated role of T. cati in human toxocarosis in Egypt, where the disease is quite common [ 13 ].…”

Section: Round Wormsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies analysing the global situation of Toxocara species have shown that the prevalence in cats is significantly higher than that in dogs, suggesting a substantial role of cats in human toxocarosis [ 11 , 12 ]. In Egypt, toxocarosis is quite common among humans [ 13 ]; many clinical cases have been documented in the recent years and the majority of these cases have been attributed to T. canis as the causative agent [ 14 ]. This highlights the need for establishing a comprehensive study, based on the published data from various governorates, analysing the situation of Toxocara spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal parasites of cats in Egypt: high prevalence high zoonotic risk

et al. 2022

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Background Several gastrointestinal parasites that infect cats pose potential health threats for humans and animals. The present study is the first to report gastrointestinal (GIT) parasites in feces of stray cats from Gharbia governorate, Egypt. Findings were combined with those published in the earlier surveys from various Egyptian governorates, and various meta-analyses were conducted to underline the parasitic zoonoses from cats in Egypt. Results Out of 143 samples tested in Gharbia, 75 (52.4%) were found infected with 13 different parasites. Co-infections were observed in 49.3% of positives. Several parasites were detected, e.g., Toxocara cati (30.0%), Toxascaris leonina (22.4%), hookworms (8.4%), taeniids (4.2%), Strongyloides spp. (2.1%), Physaloptera spp. (2.1%), Alaria spp. (1.4%) and Dipylidium caninum (0.7%). Opisthorchis-like eggs were found in a single sample being the first report from cats in Africa. Oocysts of 4 coccidian parasites were identified, and a few Toxoplasma gondii-like oocysts were detected in 2 samples (1.4%). Results of the meta-analysis illustrated that occurrence of T. gondii oocysts in feces of cats from Egypt may have been overestimated in earlier studies; 1432 cats have been tested and displayed a 5 times higher pooled prevalence (11.9%) than the published global pooled prevalence for T. gondii oocysts in cats. This overestimation might have occurred because some small-sized oocysts that belong to other coccidian parasites were mis-identified as T. gondii. Toxocara cati had a high pooled prevalence (22.5%) in cats from Egypt, which is even greater than the published pooled prevalence in cats globally; however, several reports from Egypt have neglected the role of T. cati in human toxocarosis. Dipylidium caninum displayed also a high prevalence (26.7%). Conclusion Several zoonotic parasite species have been found in stray cats from Egypt, raising concerns about the risks to the Egyptian human population as well as environmental contamination. Prompt surveillance supervised by the government and accompanied by data dissemination will be helpful for developing effective control strategies.

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Seroepidemiology of human toxocariasis in North Africa

Cited by 6 publications

References 69 publications

Dog and Cat Contact as Risk Factor for Human Toxocariasis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Dog and Cat Contact as Risk Factor for Human Toxocariasis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Prevalence, risk factors and zoonotic potential of intestinal parasites in dogs from four locations in Morocco

Gastrointestinal parasites of cats in Egypt: high prevalence high zoonotic risk

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