Serologic and Molecular Evidence of Vaccinia Virus Circulation among Small Mammals from Different Biomes, Brazil

Miranda, Júlia Bahia; Borges, Isabela Nascimento; Campos, Samantha Priscila Silva; Vieira, Flávia Nunes; Ázara, Tatiana Mingote Ferreira de; Marques, Fernanda A; Costa, Galileu Barbosa; Luis, Ana Paula M F; Oliveira, Jaqueline Silva de; Ferreira, Paulo César Peregrino; Bonjardim, Cláudio Antônio; Silva, Silvio L M da; Eiras, Álvaro Eduardo; Abrahão, Jônatas Santos; Kroon, Erna Geessien; Drumond, Betânia Paiva; Paglia, Adriano Pereira; Trindade, Giliane de Souza

doi:10.3201/eid2306.161643

Cited by 26 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The elimination of genes that are not essential to maintaining infection causes the emergence of new viral species that are only capable of infecting a limited number of animal hosts, and frequently only one. It has been suggested CPXV is the common ancestor of all OPVs and, more recently, more than 25% for VACV infection has been found in rodents captured in Brazil, once again suggesting the possible role of rodents as a reservoir.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bayesian reconstruction of the evolutionary history and cross‐species transition of variola virus and orthopoxviruses

Zehender

Lai

Veo

et al. 2018

Journal of Medical Virology

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Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox, is an exclusively human virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus, which includes many other viral species covering a wide range of mammal hosts, such as vaccinia, cowpox, camelpox, taterapox, ectromelia, and monkeypox virus. The tempo and mode of evolution of Orthopoxviruses were reconstructed using a Bayesian phylodynamic framework by analysing 80 hemagglutinin sequences retrieved from public databases. Bayesian phylogeography was used to estimate their putative ancestral hosts. In order to estimate the substitution rate, the tree including all of the available Orthopoxviruses was calibrated using historical references dating the South American variola minor clade (alastrim) to between the XVI and XIX century. The mean substitution rate determined by the analysis was 6.5 × 10 substitutions/site/year. Based on this evolutionary estimate, the time of the most recent common ancestor of the genus Orthopoxvirus was placed at about 10 000 years before the present. Cowpox virus was the species closest to the root of the phylogenetic tree. The root of VARV circulating in the XX century was estimated to be about 700 years ago, corresponding to about 1300 AD. The divergence between West African and South American VARV went back about 500 years ago (falling approximately in the XVI century). A rodent species is the most probable ancestral host from which the ancestors of all the known Orthopoxviruses were transmitted to the other mammal host species, and each of these species represented a dead-end for each new poxvirus species, without any further inter-specific spread.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bayesian reconstruction of the evolutionary history and cross‐species transition of variola virus and orthopoxviruses

Zehender

Lai

Veo

et al. 2018

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…The participation of capybaras in zoonosis transmission cycles as asymptomatic hosts and possible reservoirs have been reported (Valadas, Gennari, Yai, Rosypal, & Lindsay, ; Yai et al, ). The presence of the VACV in capybara blood and stool (Barbosa et al, ; Dutra et al, ) and in peridomestic rodents (Abrahão et al, ; Miranda et al, ; Peres et al, ) indicates that these animals may act as a source of the virus and serve as a link between wild and urban environments (Costa et al, ; Dutra et al, ; Oliveira et al, ). Virus transmission/circulation between different environments is favoured by the biological and behavioural characteristics of rodents, that is they are nocturnal, they live in overpopulated communities, and they practice coprophagia (Soetan, O'Connell, & Jones, ), which may have facilitated the VACV seropositivity found only in capybaras.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure of free‐ranging capybaras ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris ) to the vaccinia virus

Antunes

Borges

Trindade

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of free‐ranging animals/hunting dogs as sources of infection in the vaccinia virus (VACV) transmission chain. Serological, cell culture and molecular assays were conducted in 56 free‐ranging animals and 22 hunting dogs. ELISA/neutralizing assays showed that two (2.5%) capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) had anti‐OPV positive antibodies, while all samples tested negative through PCR/cell culture. After being hit by cars on roads, capybaras that exhibited neither clinical signs nor any association with bovine outbreaks had neutralizing antibodies against the Orthopoxvirus, as detected through plaque‐reduction neutralizing tests and ELISA. Evidence exists regarding peridomestic capybaras acting as a source of the virus and serving as a link between wild and urban environments, thus contributing to viral maintenance.

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“…For example, VACV could have different reservoirs in different regions, i.e., different mammal species maintain the virus in nature, each with different ecologic/ environmental requirements. An argument for multiple reservoirs is supported given the variation in small rodent species found to have evidence of infection with orthopoxviruses in Brazil [46]. Additionally, poxviruses can infect several species of animals i.e., Monkeypox virus in pouched rats, [47], prairie dogs, squirrels [48], and dormice [49], among others; Cowpox virus in voles [50], llamas [51], mice [52], cats [53] among other species of animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological niche modeling to determine potential niche of Vaccinia virus: a case only study

Quiner

Nakazawa

2017

Int J Health Geogr

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BackgroundEmerging and understudied pathogens often lack information that most commonly used analytical tools require, such as negative controls or baseline data; thus, new analytical strategies are needed to analyze transmission patterns and drivers of disease emergence. Zoonotic infections with Vaccinia virus (VACV) were first reported in Brazil in 1999, VACV is an emerging zoonotic Orthopoxvirus, which primarily infects dairy cattle and farmers in close contact with infected cows. Prospective studies of emerging pathogens could provide critical data that would inform public health planning and response to outbreaks. By using the location of 87-recorded outbreaks and publicly available bioclimatic data, we demonstrate one such approach. Using an ecological niche model (ENM) algorithm, we identify the environmental conditions under which VACV outbreaks have occurred, and determine additional locations in two affected countries that may be susceptible to transmission. Further, we show how suitability for the virus responds to different levels of various environmental factors and highlight the most important factors in determining its transmission.MethodsA literature review was performed and the geospatial coordinates of 87 molecularly confirmed VACV outbreaks in Brazil were identified. An ENM was generated using MaxENT software by combining principal component analysis results of 19 bioclim spatial layers, and 25 randomly selected subsets of the original list of 87 outbreaks.ResultsThe final ENM predicted all areas where Brazilian outbreaks occurred, one out of five of the Colombian outbreak regions and identified new regions within Brazil that are suitable for transmission based on bioclimatic factors. Further, the most important factors in determining transmission suitability are precipitation of the wettest quarter, annual precipitation, mean temperature of the coldest quarter and mean diurnal range.ConclusionThe analyses here provide a means by which to study patterns of an emerging infectious disease and identify regions that are potentially suitable for its transmission, in spite of the paucity of high-quality critical data. Policy and methods for the control of infectious diseases often use a reactionary model, addressing diseases only after significant impact on human health has ensued. The methodology used in the present work allows the identification of areas where disease is likely to appear, which could be used for directed intervention.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12942-017-0100-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Serologic and Molecular Evidence of Vaccinia Virus Circulation among Small Mammals from Different Biomes, Brazil

Cited by 26 publications

References 36 publications

Bayesian reconstruction of the evolutionary history and cross‐species transition of variola virus and orthopoxviruses

Bayesian reconstruction of the evolutionary history and cross‐species transition of variola virus and orthopoxviruses

Exposure of free‐ranging capybaras ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris ) to the vaccinia virus

Ecological niche modeling to determine potential niche of Vaccinia virus: a case only study

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