Serologic Evidence of Avian Influenza H9N2 and Paramyxovirus Type 1 Infection in Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) in India

Molecular Characterization of Velogenic Avian Avulavirus Type 1 Isolated from Apparently Healthy Emu Birds: Implications to Viral Maintenance and Spread

“…Previous reports confirmed isolation of vNDV from an infected emu Molecular Characterization of Velogenic Avian Avulavirus Type 1 Isolated from Apparently Healthy Emu Birds... flock raised in a poultry dense area (Gowthaman et al, 2016). Shinde et al (2012) was 1:128 thus confirming the isolate as AAvV-1. The AAvV-1 infective dose for a chicken is reported to range from 10 3.0 (King, 1996) to 10 4.0 EID 50 (Alexander et al, 2006).…”

Isolation and characterization of genotype XIII Newcastle disease virus from Emu in India

“…Emu birds are also susceptible to many diseases including ND which infects domesticated poultry. Currently, there is limited information available on occurrence and characterization of APMV-1 in Emus [7,10,15]. The present study describes the isolation, and biological and genetic characterization of NDV strain from Emus.…”

“…Kinde and others [9] [15], extensive studies are required to estimate the prevalence of NDV in Emu and their role in epidemiology and transmission of NDV in domestic poultry.…”

Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza virus isolated from commercial layers in India

“…The analysis performed on the NA gene did not provided more precise information on the geographic origin of the viruses isolated in the present study. Although reports are available on incidences of LPAI in Northern/Eastern part of Indian subcontinent [16,20,27,28], there is no information available for the incidence of LPAI in Southern States of India. The present study focused on the circulation of H9N2 LPAI viruses in layer population of Southern regions where larger population of poultry are reared but the status of LPAI viruses has not been known particularly regarding to phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of virus isolates/strains affecting poultry in this region.…”

“…It may reflect a geographical parameter for restriction of the viruses in the areas. While the HPAI situations have efficiently been brought under control, LPAI virus got increasingly circulating and regularly reported in India [16,20,[27][28][29][30]. It is believed that during the early 2000s, H9N2 subtype viruses circulating in Pakistan and Middle East might have been introduced into India through regional poultry or migratory birds and subsequently in the intervening years of frequent antigenic drifts likely to have occurred in Indian LPAI-H9N2 viruses resulted in new drift variants which established themselves in domestic poultry population [31,32].…”