Serologic Testing for Hepatitis B

Sfeir, Maroun M.; Snayd, Mary

doi:10.1001/jama.2021.19803

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…However, there are several potential strategies that can be employed to reduce the COVID-19 mortality rate below 0.13% of that caused by the influenza virus. These include the following measures: (1) increase the vaccination rate of the general population [ 2 ]; (2) develop vaccines and/or anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins against emerging and potential variants [ 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]; (3) administer booster vaccines for poor or non-responders [ 63 , 64 ]; (4) accelerate clinical trials of intranasal SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to prevent transmission [ 65 ]; (5) assess the specific B cell or humoral immune response of children, older adults, and immunocompromised persons within 14–90 days after vaccine booster shot to address concerns about vaccination hesitancy and refusal of vulnerable populations [ 45 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ]; and (6) incorporate additional protective measures for individuals with persistent (a fourth or fifth dose) negative specific B cell or humoral immune response after booster vaccination, such as injection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 cross-reacting spike-specific immunoglobulins or variant spike-specific antibodies, antiviral drug treatment, and usage of N95 masks in endemic areas [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological Findings in a Group of Individuals Who Were Poor or Non-Responders to Standard Two-Dose SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines

et al. 2023

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Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been declared a pandemic. However, data on the poor or non-responders to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the general population are limited. The objective of this study was to comprehensively compare the immunological characteristics of poor or non-responders to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the 18–59-year group with those in the ≥60-year group using internationally recognized cut-off values. The main outcome was effective seroconversion characterized by an anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG level of at least a four-fold increase from baseline. Profiling of naïve immune cells was analyzed prior to vaccination to demonstrate baseline immunity. The outcomes of effective seroconversion in patients aged 18–59 years with those in patients aged ≥60 years were compared. The quantitative level of anti-spike IgG was significantly lower in individuals aged ≥60 and men aged 18–59 years. There were 7.5% of poor or non-responders among the 18–59 years and 11.7% of poor or non-responders in the ≥60 years using a four-fold increase parameter. There were 37.0–58.1% with low lymphocyte count (<1000/mm3), 33.3–45.2% with low CD4 cell counts (<500/mm3), and 74.1–96.8% with low B cell counts (<100/mm3) in the non-seroconversion group. An individual with an anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG titer below 50 BAU/mL might be considered a poor or non-responder between 14 and 90 days after the last vaccine dose. Booster vaccination or additional protective measures should be recommended to poor or non-responders as soon as possible to reduce disease severity and mortality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological Findings in a Group of Individuals Who Were Poor or Non-Responders to Standard Two-Dose SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines

et al. 2023

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“…[26][27] There are several potential strategies that can be employed to reduce the COVID-19 mortality rate below 0.13 % of that caused by influenza virus. These include the following measures: (1) Increase the vaccination rate of the population; 2 (2) Develop vaccines against emerging and potential variants; [57][58][59][60][61][62] (3) Administer booster vaccines for non-responders; [63][64][65] (4) Assessment of humoral immune response of children, the elderly, and immunocompromised persons within 1-3 months after 4 th dose; 45,[65][66][67][68][69][70] and (5) Incorporate additional protective measures for individuals with persistent (4 th or 5 th dose) negative humoral immune response after booster vaccination, such as injection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins, antiviral drug treatment, usage of N95 masks in endemic areas, etc. [41][42][43][71][72][73][74]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpretation of non-responders to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines using WHO International Standard

Zeng

Yang

Gao³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic with more than 485 millions infected. Questions about non-responders to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines remain unaddressed. Here, we report data from people after administering the complete dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines using the World Health Organization International Standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin. Our study showed that immune cells such as CD4 cells, CD8 cells, and B cells and anti-spike immunoglobulin G levels were significantly reduced in the elderly. There were 7.5% non-responders among the 18-59 yr group and 11.7% in the ≥60 yr group. A titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike immunoglobulin G is blew 50 BAU/mL to be considered as non-responders at intervals of 30 to 90 days after the last vaccine dose. Booster vaccination may be recommended for non-responders to reduce the disease severity and mortality.

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“…However, there are several potential strategies that can be employed to reduce the COVID-19 mortality rate below 0.13 % of that caused by influenza virus. These include the following measures: (1) Increase the vaccination rate of the general population; 2 (2) Develop vaccines and/or anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins against emerging and potential variants; 58-62 (3) Administer booster vaccines for non-responders; 63-64 (4) Accelerate clinical trials of intranasal SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to prevent transmission; 65 (5) Assessment of humoral immune response of children, the elderly, and immunocompromised persons within 1-3 months after vaccine booster shot; 45,[66][67][68][69][70][71] and (6) Incorporate additional protective measures for individuals with persistent (a fourth or fifth dose) negative humoral immune response after booster vaccination, such as injection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins, antiviral drug treatment, usage of N95 masks in endemic areas, etc. [41][42][43][72][73][74][75][76][77]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological findings in a group of individuals who were non-responders to standard two-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

Zeng

Yang

Qi³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic. The virus has infected more than 505 million people and caused more than 6 million deaths. However, data on non-responders to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the general population are limited. The objective of the study is to comprehensively compare the immunological characteristics of non-responders to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the 18-59 years with that in the 60 years and older using internationally recognized cutoff values. Participants included 627 individuals who received physical examinations and volunteered to participate in COVID-19 vaccination from the general population. The main outcome was an effective seroconversion characterized by anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG level of at least 4-fold increase from baseline. Profiling of naive immune cells was analyzed prior to vaccination to demonstrate baseline immunity. Outcomes of effective seroconversion in the 18-59 years with that in the 60 years and older were compared. The quantitative level of the anti-spike IgG was significantly lower in the 60 years and older and in men among the 18-59 years. There were 7.5% of non-responders among the 18-59 years and 11.7% of non-responders in the 60 years and older using the 4-fold increase parameter. The effective seroconversion rate was significantly related to the level of certain immune cells before vaccination, such as CD4 cells, CD8 cells and B cells and the age. An individual with a titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG that is below 50 BAU/mL might be considered a non-responder between 14-90 days after the last vaccine dose. Booster vaccination or additional protective measures should be recommended for non-responders as soon as possible to reduce disease severity and mortality.

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Serologic Testing for Hepatitis B

Abstract: A 27-year-old woman presented with elevated transaminase levels and a positive hepatitis B surface antigen test result. How do you interpret these test results?

Cited by 5 publications

References 8 publications

Immunological Findings in a Group of Individuals Who Were Poor or Non-Responders to Standard Two-Dose SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines

Immunological Findings in a Group of Individuals Who Were Poor or Non-Responders to Standard Two-Dose SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines

Interpretation of non-responders to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines using WHO International Standard

Immunological findings in a group of individuals who were non-responders to standard two-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

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