Serological evidence for Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses in domestic animals of Nepal

Pant, Ganesh Raj; Lunt, Ross; Rootes, Chris L.; Daniels, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2006.03.003

Cited by 28 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, clinical cases presenting with non-malarial febrile or encephalitic syndromes are reported in increasing numbers every year in Nepal but their etiology is not known in the absence of studies on viruses other than DENV and JEV. For example, the isolation of Kunjin viruses (Australasian subtypes of West Nile Virus [WNV]) from the sera of domestic animals from districts with a low prevalence of JEV has suggested that WNV, too, may circulate in Nepal [156] and recent study shows evidence of the continued spread of WNV in Nepal[157]. Recently, outbreaks of Nipah virus have been suspected in eastern Nepal but still await laboratory confirmation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Change and Spatiotemporal Distributions of Vector-Borne Diseases in Nepal – A Systematic Synthesis of Literature

2015

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BackgroundDespite its largely mountainous terrain for which this Himalayan country is a popular tourist destination, Nepal is now endemic for five major vector-borne diseases (VBDs), namely malaria, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, visceral leishmaniasis and dengue fever. There is increasing evidence about the impacts of climate change on VBDs especially in tropical highlands and temperate regions. Our aim is to explore whether the observed spatiotemporal distributions of VBDs in Nepal can be related to climate change.MethodologyA systematic literature search was performed and summarized information on climate change and the spatiotemporal distribution of VBDs in Nepal from the published literature until December2014 following providing items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.Principal FindingsWe found 12 studies that analysed the trend of climatic data and are relevant for the study of VBDs, 38 studies that dealt with the spatial and temporal distribution of disease vectors and disease transmission. Among 38 studies, only eight studies assessed the association of VBDs with climatic variables. Our review highlights a pronounced warming in the mountains and an expansion of autochthonous cases of VBDs to non-endemic areas including mountain regions (i.e., at least 2,000 m above sea level). Furthermore, significant relationships between climatic variables and VBDs and their vectors are found in short-term studies.ConclusionTaking into account the weak health care systems and difficult geographic terrain of Nepal, increasing trade and movements of people, a lack of vector control interventions, observed relationships between climatic variables and VBDs and their vectors and the establishment of relevant disease vectors already at least 2,000 m above sea level, we conclude that climate change can intensify the risk of VBD epidemics in the mountain regions of Nepal if other non-climatic drivers of VBDs remain constant.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Change and Spatiotemporal Distributions of Vector-Borne Diseases in Nepal – A Systematic Synthesis of Literature

2015

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“…Even though, horses are the only animal species that develops encephalitis without high-grade viremia (Weaver & Barrett, 2004). Other domestic animals like cattle, goat, sheep, dogs, and cats also infected subclinically with JEV with a low level of viremia, but they do not have any role in virus transmission (Pant et al, 2006). Rodents are not susceptible to infection, whereas reptiles, amphibians, and bats can be experimentally infected and the virus can persist for longer, but these host species role in overwintering in the environment is not clear (Mackenzie et al, 2004).…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, hatched chicks might develop much higher viremia than adult birds which suggests their minor role in JEV transmission in endemic regions. Furthermore, JEV specific antibodies have been demonstrated in several species of wild and domestic birds (Acha & Szyfres, 2003;Pant et al, 2006). Pigs serve as amplifying hosts for JEV and significantly contributes to the dissemination of the disease in rural settings without showing any overt clinical signs except abortion and stillbirth in infected pregnant sows (Guerin & Pozzi, 2005).…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Japanese Encephalitis, Recent Perspectives on Virus Genome, Transmission, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Prophylactic Interventions

Karthikeyan¹,

Shanmuganathan²,

Pavulraj³

et al. 2017

JEBAS

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“…Sera with equivocal or positive WNV results in the IgM or IgG screening ELISAs were tested using PRNT for both WNV and JEV. Based on a review of previously reported studies in Africa, North America, Central America, and Europe, concerning serological differentiation between flaviviruses, such as WNV, SLEV, Ilhéus virus, Bussuquara virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, Usutu virus, Louping ill virus, and unidentified (undetermined) flaviviruses (Komar et al 2001(Komar et al , 2005Buckley et al 2003;Dupuis et al 2003Dupuis et al ,2005Lefrancois et al 2005;Farfan-Ale et al 2006;Bentler et al 2007;Pant et al 2006;Pupo et al 2006), a new diagnostic strategy ( Fig. 1) was designed for the serological identification and differentiation of WNV from JEV.…”

Section: Serological Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Diagnostic Algorithm to Serologically Differentiate West Nile Virus from Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infections and Its Validation in Field Surveillance of Poultry and Horses

Yeh

Lee²,

Park³

et al. 2012

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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The detection of West Nile virus (WNV) in areas endemic for Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV) is complicated by the extensive serological cross-reactivity between the two viruses. A testing algorithm was developed and employed for the detection of anti-WNV antibody in areas endemic for JEV. Using this differentiation algorithm, a serological survey of poultry (2004 through 2009) and horses (2007 through 2009) was performed. Among 2681 poultry sera, 125 samples were interpreted as being positive for antibodies against JEV, and 14 were suspected to be positive for antibodies against undetermined flaviviruses other than WNV and JEV. Of the 2601 horse sera tested, a total of 1914 (73.6%) were positive to the initial screening test. Of these positive sera, 132 sera (5.1%) had been collected from horses that had been imported from the United States, where WNV is endemic. These horses had WNV vaccination records, and no significant pattern of increasing titer was observed in paired sera tests. Of the remaining 1782 positive sera 1468 sera (56.4%) were also found to contain anti-JEV antibodies, and were interpreted to be JEV-specific antibodies by the differentiation algorithm developed in this study. The remaining 314 horses (12.1%) for which a fourfold difference in neutralizing antibody titer could not be demonstrated, were determined to contain an antibody against an unknown (unidentified or undetermined) flavivirus. No evidence of WNV infections were found during the period of this study.

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Serological evidence for Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses in domestic animals of Nepal

Cited by 28 publications

References 7 publications

Climate Change and Spatiotemporal Distributions of Vector-Borne Diseases in Nepal – A Systematic Synthesis of Literature

Climate Change and Spatiotemporal Distributions of Vector-Borne Diseases in Nepal – A Systematic Synthesis of Literature

Japanese Encephalitis, Recent Perspectives on Virus Genome, Transmission, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Prophylactic Interventions

A Diagnostic Algorithm to Serologically Differentiate West Nile Virus from Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infections and Its Validation in Field Surveillance of Poultry and Horses

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