Serological markers and long COVID—A rapid systematic review

Abstract

BackgroundLong COVID is highly heterogeneous, often debilitating, and may last for years after infection. The aetiology of long COVID remains uncertain. Examination of potential serological markers of long COVID, accounting for clinical covariates, may yield emergent pathophysiological insights.MethodsIn adherence to PRISMA guidelines, we carried out a rapid review of the literature. We searched Medline and Embase for primary observational studies that compared IgG response in individuals who experienced COVID‐19 symptoms persisting ≥12 weeks post‐infection with those who did not. We examined relationships between serological markers and long COVID status and investigated sources of inter‐study variability, such as severity of acute illness, long COVID symptoms assessed and target antigen(s).ResultsOf 8018 unique records, we identified 29 as being eligible for inclusion in synthesis. Definitions of long COVID varied. In studies that reported anti‐nucleocapsid (N) IgG (n = 10 studies; n = 989 participants in aggregate), full or partial anti‐Spike IgG (i.e. the whole trimer, S1 or S2 subgroups, or receptor binding domain, n = 19 studies; n = 2606 participants), or neutralizing response (n = 7 studies; n = 1123 participants), we did not find strong evidence to support any difference in serological markers between groups with and without persisting symptoms. However, most studies did not account for severity or level of care required during acute illness, and other potential confounders.ConclusionsPooling of studies would enable more robust exploration of clinical and serological predictors among diverse populations. However, substantial inter‐study variations hamper comparability. Standardized reporting practices would improve the quality, consistency and comprehension of study findings.

Clinical and serological predictors of post COVID-19 condition–findings from a Canadian prospective cohort study

“…Consequently, examining the distribution patterns of IgG subtypes holds promise for uncovering nuanced insights into SARS-CoV-2 immune response, and potentially elucidating connections between clinical risk factors, serological markers, and post-acute sequelae. However, as yet there are few reports on IgG subtypes in relation to PCC and this is a gap that warrants comprehensive investigation ( 16 , 71 , 72 ).…”