Serological, Molecular and Culture-Based Diagnosis of Lentiviral Infections in Small Ruminants

Kalogianni, Aphrodite I.; Stavropoulos, Ioannis; Chaintoutis, Serafeim C.; Bossis, Ioannis; Gelasakis, Athanasios Ι.

doi:10.3390/v13091711

Cited by 19 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…The primers used in this study allowed the sequencing of two immunodominant epitopes of capsid protein-epitopes 2 and 3, which were identified by Rosati et al [54] and which are used in SRLVs ELISA tests. The CA is the major viral core protein and antibodies against this antigen are usually first generated in sheep and goats infected with SRLVs and remain detectable for a long time [55]. Our results, which are consistent with other reports, showed conservation of epitope 3 and the amino-terminal part of epitope 2 (GKLNEEAERW), as well as the group-specific part located at the C-termini of epitope 2 (group A, VRQNPPGP, group B, RRNNPPPP) [24,25,56,57].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Polish Mixed Flocks Supports Evidence of Cross Species Transmission, Dual Infection, a Recombination Event, and Reveals the Existence of New Subtypes within Group A

Olech

Kuźmak

2021

Viruses

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Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are a group of highly divergent viruses responsible for global infection in sheep and goats. In a previous study we showed that SRLV strains found in mixed flocks in Poland belonged to subtype A13 and A18, but this study was restricted only to the few flocks from Małopolska region. The present work aimed at extending earlier findings with the analysis of SRLVs in mixed flocks including larger numbers of animals and flocks from different part of Poland. On the basis of gag and env sequences, Polish SRLVs were assigned to the subtypes B2, A5, A12, and A17. Furthermore, the existence of a new subtypes, tentatively designed as A23 and A24, were described for the first time. Subtypes A5 and A17 were only found in goats, subtype A24 has been detected only in sheep while subtypes A12, A23, and B2 have been found in both sheep and goats. Co-infection with strains belonging to different subtypes was evidenced in three sheep and two goats originating from two flocks. Furthermore, three putative recombination events were identified within gag and env SRLVs sequences derived from three sheep. Amino acid (aa) sequences of immunodominant epitopes in CA protein were well conserved while Major Homology Region (MHR) had more alteration showing unique mutations in sequences of subtypes A5 and A17. In contrast, aa sequences of surface glycoprotein exhibited higher variability confirming type-specific variation in the SU5 epitope. The number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) ranged from 3 to 6 in respective sequences and were located in different positions. The analysis of LTR sequences revealed that sequences corresponding to the TATA box, AP-4, AML-vis, and polyadenylation signal (poly A) were quite conserved, while considerable alteration was observed in AP-1 sites. Interestingly, our results revealed that all sequences belonging to subtype A17 had unique substitution T to A in the fifth position of TATA box and did not have a 11 nt deletion in the R region which was noted in other sequences from Poland. These data revealed a complex picture of SRLVs population with ovine and caprine strains belonging to group A and B. We present strong and multiple evidence of dually infected sheep and goats in mixed flocks and present evidence that these viruses can recombine in vivo.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Polish Mixed Flocks Supports Evidence of Cross Species Transmission, Dual Infection, a Recombination Event, and Reveals the Existence of New Subtypes within Group A

Olech

Kuźmak

2021

Viruses

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“…SRLV causes a persistent lentiviral infection in goats that has multiple clinical presentations affecting both kids and adults within a herd. There is no vaccine or specific treatment for SRLV infection [ 4 , 5 ]. Brucellosis is found globally in livestock and is considered as one of seven unattended zoonoses in developing countries by the World Health Organization [ 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Routine use of multiple single detection tests increases overall production costs and labor. Furthermore, large sample volumes are needed for each measurement (50–200 μL) [ 10 , 11 ], which reduces their regular use by farmers [ 5 , 7 , 9 ]. Furthermore, commercial tests are mainly based on immunosorbent techniques (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] and its chemiluminescence variants) that can be costly and use toxic reagents that require careful handling and proper disposal [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiplex assay for the simultaneous detection of antibodies against small ruminant lentivirus, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and Brucella melitensis in goats

Nájera-Rivera¹,

Rodríguez-Cortez²,

Anaya-Santillán³

et al. 2023

Vet World

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Background and Aim: Brucellosis, paratuberculosis (PTb), and infections caused by small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV), formerly known as caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), adversely affect goat production systems. Nonetheless, commonly used diagnostic tests can only determine one analyte at a time, increasing disease surveillance costs, and limiting their routine use. This study aimed to design and validate a multiplex assay for antibody detection against these three diseases simultaneously. Materials and Methods: Two recombinant proteins from the SRLV (p16 and gp38), the native hapten of Brucella melitensis, and the paratuberculosis-protoplasmic antigen 3 from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) were used to devise and assess a multiplex assay. Conditions for the Luminex® multiplex test were established and validated by sensitivity, specificity, repeatability, and reproducibility parameters. Cut-off points for each antigen were also established. Results: The 3-plex assay had high sensitivity (84%) and specificity (95%). The maximum coefficients of variation were 23.8% and 20.5% for negative and positive control samples, respectively. The p16 and gp38 SRLV antigens are 97% and 95%, similar to the CAEV sequence found in GenBank, respectively. Conclusion: The multiplex test can be effectively used for the simultaneous detection of antibodies against SRLV, MAP and B. melitensis in goats. Keywords: antibody detection, brucellosis, Luminex®, paratuberculosis, serological test, small ruminant lentivirus.

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“…Maedi-Visna disease is a chronic, wasting disease that affects several mammals in the genera Capra and Ovis (1). The disease is caused by Visna/Maedi virus (VMV, species Visna-Maedi virus), a member of the family Retroviridae, genus Lentivirus, which is collectively referred to as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) together with the Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…VMV crosses species barriers and has been found in wild ruminants such as red deer, Alpine ibexes, Passirian goats, and Mouflon (3)(4)(5)(6)(7). The virus transmits primarily through body fluids such as respiratory exudates, colostrum and milk from infected ewes (1). Vertical transmission through the placenta and semen during pregnancy and mating is an alternative for animal infection with VMV (8)(9)(10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The First Genomic Analysis of Visna/Maedi Virus Isolates in China

XueYun

et al. 2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Visna/Maedi virus (VMV) is a neglected pathogen that damages sheep and goats' nervous and respiratory systems. The virus was discovered 80 years ago and has been endemic in China for nearly four decades; nevertheless, there is little information regarding Chinese isolates' genotypes and genomic characteristics. In this study, the proviral DNA of strains isolated in 1985 and 1994 were extracted, and the proviral DNA was subjected to Illumina sequencing combined with Sanger sequencing of poor coverage regions. The results showed that the two isolates were clustered with genotype A2 and shared 78.3%−89.1% similarity to reference VMV genome sequences, with the highest similarity (88.7%−89.1%) to the USA strain USMARC-200212120-r (accession no. MT993908.1) and lowest similarity (78.3%−78.5%) to the Italian strain SRLV009 (accession no. MG554409.1). A maximum-likelihood tree showed that the Chinese VMV strains and the USA strain 1150 (accession no. MH916859.1) comprise a monophyletic group with a short tree branch. Our data filled the gap in genomic analysis and viral evolution in Chinese VMV strains, and would be benefit China's source-tracing and eradication program development in China.

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Serological, Molecular and Culture-Based Diagnosis of Lentiviral Infections in Small Ruminants

Cited by 19 publications

References 98 publications

Molecular Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Polish Mixed Flocks Supports Evidence of Cross Species Transmission, Dual Infection, a Recombination Event, and Reveals the Existence of New Subtypes within Group A

Molecular Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Polish Mixed Flocks Supports Evidence of Cross Species Transmission, Dual Infection, a Recombination Event, and Reveals the Existence of New Subtypes within Group A

Multiplex assay for the simultaneous detection of antibodies against small ruminant lentivirus, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and Brucella melitensis in goats

The First Genomic Analysis of Visna/Maedi Virus Isolates in China

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