Serological tests fail to discriminate dogs with visceral leishmaniasis that transmit Leishmania infantum to the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis

Mendonça, Ivete Lopes de; Batista, Joilson Ferreira; Werneck, Guilherme Loureiro; Soares, Maria Regiane Araujo; Costa, Dorcas Lamounier; Costa, Carlos Henrique Nery

doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0014-2017

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Most of the seropositive dogs were symptomatic, which is consistent with the findings of Mendonça et al (2017). DPP  test sensitivity is known to be higher in symptomatic dogs (Grimaldi Junior et al 2012).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Evaluation of the euthanasia of seropositive dogs for canine visceral leishmaniasis as the only method of controling the disease in the enzootic area in the Midwestern Minas Gerais

et al. 2020

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Human Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is expanding, and it is distributed in the five geographic regions of Brazil, with the Northeast being the region that presents the most significant number of registered cases. The main urban reservoir of the etiological agent of VL is the domestic dog, and it is known that canine cases precede human cases. One of the control actions of VL, recommended by the Ministry of Health, is performing the euthanasia of seropositive dogs. In 2013, in the municipality of Iguatama/MG, the first canine serological survey was carried out in the city, with a prevalence of 8.3% of seropositive dogs for Leishmania infantum. Of the seropositive animals for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) in this survey, 84% were euthanized, and 16% died within two years after diagnosis. No other control measures for CVL were taken in the municipality. The objectives of the present study were to determine the current prevalence of seropositive dogs for CVL in the municipality of Iguatama and to observe the impact of euthanasia of seropositive dogs to VL as the only control measure performed in this municipality, which is considered an enzootic area of the disease. For this, a new canine epidemiological survey was carried out in the municipality of Iguatama, following the guidelines of the Manual of Surveillance and Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Blood samples were collected from 270 dogs and tested by DPP® immunochromatographic test and by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The animals that presented inconclusive results had new blood samples collected and analyzed. The only animal that showed a positive result in DPP® and undetermined in the ELISA, in the first evaluation, became seropositive four months later, so this study reinforces the recommendation of the Ministry of Health to reassess dogs that present inconclusive results for CVL. From a total of 270 samples, 21 (7.8%) were reagents in both tests. Thus, the prevalence of seropositive dogs for CVL, in 2017, in the urban area of the municipality of Iguatama was 7.8%. The Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) molecular technique confirmed infection by L. infantum in the ten dogs sampled with CVL-positive serology. The comparison between the current prevalence (after euthanasia) with that found in 2013 (8.3%), there was no significant difference (p=0.764). The prevalence of CVL in the urban area of the municipality of Iguatama is still high, making it possible to presume that the euthanasia of seropositive dogs for CVL, and the absence of monitoring or other interventions measures, did not contribute to decrease the transmission of the parasite and was not sufficient for the control of CVL in the municipality of Iguatama, an area considered as non-endemic to CVL until 2013.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Evaluation of the euthanasia of seropositive dogs for canine visceral leishmaniasis as the only method of controling the disease in the enzootic area in the Midwestern Minas Gerais

et al. 2020

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“…In fact, Phlebotomus perniciosus and Lutzomyia longipalpis, proven vectors of L. infantum, were found infected after feeding respectively on one single sick cat with FeL (da Silva et al, 2010;Maroli et al, 2007). This is an important information but infectivity to sand flies of infected healthy individuals, as demonstrated in dogs, could be epidemiologically more relevant as the percentage of antibody and/or PCR positive cats is often not negligible in endemic areas (Akhtardanesh et al, 2017;Can et al, 2016;Chatzis et al, 2014aChatzis et al, , 2014bFatollahzadeh et al, 2016;Magalhães-Junior et al, 2016;Maia et al, 2010Maia et al, , 2008Martín-Sánchez et al, 2007;Mendonça et al, 2017;Millán et al, 2011;Otranto et al, 2017;Pennisi et al, 2000Pennisi et al, , 1998Sarkari et al, 2009;Spada et al, 2013;Vita et al, 2005). Prospective studies may confirm that cats play an epidemiological role as additional reservoir species of L. infantum as it was well established for dogs .…”

Section: Prevention Of L Infantum Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline leishmaniosis: Is the cat a small dog?

Pennisi¹,

Persichetti

2018

Veterinary Parasitology

135

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Leishmania infantum is a vector-borne zoonotic disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies and dogs are considered the main reservoir of the parasite. Feline leishmaniosis (FeL) caused by L. infantum is an emergent feline disease more and more frequently reported in endemic areas. This review summarizes current knowledge focusing similarities and differences with canine leishmaniosis (CanL). Cats are infected by the same Leishmania species than dogs but prevalence of the infection is lower and cases of disease are less frequently reported. Scarce information is available on adaptive immune response of cats naturally exposed to L. infantum infection and mechanisms responsible for susceptibility or resistance of feline hosts. However, about half of clinical cases of FeL are reported in cats with possible impaired immunocompetence. Coinfections or comorbidities are frequently detected in sick cats and they can contribute to a misrepresentation of clinical FeL albeit lesions associated with the presence of the parasite have been detected in skin, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, liver, oral mucosa, stomach, large bowel, kidney, nasal exudate, lung, eye. As for dogs, skin or mucocutaneous lesions are the most common reason for veterinary consultation and finding on physical examination in cats with leishmaniosis. Molecular investigations of Leishmania DNA and anti- Leishmania antibody detection are largely used with the same methodologies for both CanL and FeL, however few information is available about their diagnostic performance in feline hosts. Treatment of cats with clinical FeL is still empirically based and off label by using the most common drugs prescribed to dogs. Life expectancy of cats with clinical FeL is usually good unless concurrent conditions or complications occur and prognosis does not seem significantly influenced by therapy or retroviral coinfection. According to current knowledge, cats can play a role as additional reservoir host of L. infantum and, in a « One Health » perspective, preventative measures should be taken. In conclusion, albeit feline infection and the associated cat disease caused by L. infantum is increasingly reported in endemic areas and have many similarities with CanL, consolidated evidence-based knowledge is not available and we cannot exclude that important differences between dogs and cats exist about transmission, immunopathogenesis and best practice for management and prevention.

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“…In previous studies, the DPP ® test showed specificity ranging from 87.8% to 98.6% and sensitivity between 90.6% and 98% using confirmed positive samples 9,10 . However, despite showing high levels of sensitivity among clinically symptomatic dogs, sensitivity of the DPP ® test to identify the Leishmania infection in asymptomatic dogs was only 47% in one of the studies 13 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…The SNAP ® Canine Leishmania Antibody Test was designed to diagnose infections by L. infantum. It was evaluated in a large population of dogs, including 283 dogs positive for CVL attributed to L. chagasi, 86 clinically healthy dogs from a non-endemic area, and 31 dogs infected with other infectious and parasitic agents, to determine whether the infection by L. chagasi would also be identified by this test 10 . The sensitivity of the SNAP ® test was 94.7% and the specificity was 90.6% in that study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The DPP ® visceral leishmaniasis test is a qualitative rapid test that applies a combination of recombinant antigens from Leishmania infantum to detect specific antibodies 8 . The DPP ® test has shown specificity ranging from 87.8% to 98.6% and sensitivity between 90.6% and 98% using confirmed positive samples 9,10 . DPP ® for the diagnosis of CVL is produced and distributed by the Health Ministry to the Municipal Health Centers responsible for the local VLMCP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of DPP® and SNAP® Rapid Tests for diagnosis of Leishmania infantum canine infections

Souza

Silva

Labarthe

2019

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease that affects humans, wildlife, and domestic species. Since dogs play a key role in urban Leishmania spp. transmission, the Brazilian government maintains the Monitoring and Control Program of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VLMCP) in endemic regions, which promotes awareness campaigns aiming to enhance the control of the infection. The VLMCP recommends the Dual Path Platform (DPP ® ) canine visceral leishmaniasis test (Bio-Manguinhos, Brazil) for screening and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to confirm the infection. The DPP ® test is produced and distributed by the Health Ministry to the Municipal Health Centers responsible for the local VLMCP. The test is not available to all the clinics, forcing some veterinarians to use other rapid tests for screening and diagnosis of this disease in their daily routine. Methods: The present study was conducted to compare the performance of the DPP ® and SNAP ® tests using sera from the dogs with confirmed infections of L. infantum and from the dogs with no previous testing, residing in areas with a low Leishmania infection. Results: There was 97.0% agreement between the two tests. Sensitivity and specificity of the SNAP ® test were 96.3% and 100%, respectively. Agreement between both the antibody tests and the parasitological detection methods was 96.8%. The DPP ® test had 95.8% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Conclusions: The SNAP ® and the DPP ® tests were virtually equivalent in terms of detection of canine antibodies against L. infantum, and both the tests demonstrated high and similar levels of sensitivity and specificity.

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Serological tests fail to discriminate dogs with visceral leishmaniasis that transmit Leishmania infantum to the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis

Cited by 15 publications

References 36 publications

Evaluation of the euthanasia of seropositive dogs for canine visceral leishmaniasis as the only method of controling the disease in the enzootic area in the Midwestern Minas Gerais

Evaluation of the euthanasia of seropositive dogs for canine visceral leishmaniasis as the only method of controling the disease in the enzootic area in the Midwestern Minas Gerais

Feline leishmaniosis: Is the cat a small dog?

Evaluation of DPP® and SNAP® Rapid Tests for diagnosis of Leishmania infantum canine infections

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