Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Mycoplasma agalactiae and investigation of coinfection with the caprine lentivirus in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Damasceno, Edgar Marques; Pinheiro, R. R.; Andrioli, A.; Alves, F. S. F.; Lima, Ana Milena César; Peixoto, Renato Mesquita; Araújo, Juscilânia Furtado; Damasceno, Mariana Siqueira; Brandão, Iane Sousa

doi:10.1007/s11250-020-02234-5

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…agalactiae is a causative agent of an OIE notefiable disease called contagious agalactia (CA) that causes mastitis in dairy goats with formidable financial losses due to arthritis and drop or complete cessation of milk secretion, cachexia, and cornea opacity that can give rise to complete blindness (Santos et al, 2015). In Brazil, the estimated prevalence of CA in goats in different Brazilian provinces such as Rio Grande do Norte, the main goat raising state, was 83.28%, São Paulo was 27.7%, (Azevedo et al, 2015) and Sergipe was 10.3% (Santos et al, 2015;Damasceno et al, 2020). More importantly, many Mediterranean countries are showing substantial losses in the goat dairy industry in France (Poumarat et al, 2016), Spain (Paterna et al, 2013), and Italy (Cillara et al, 2015).…”

Section: Caprine Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives

Dawood

Algharib

Zhao

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Mycoplasmas as economically important and pantropic pathogens can cause similar clinical diseases in different hosts by eluding host defense and establishing their niches despite their limited metabolic capacities. Besides, enormous undiscovered virulence has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of pathogenic mycoplasmas. On the other hand, they are host-specific pathogens with some highly pathogenic members that can colonize a vast number of habitats. Reshuffling mycoplasmas genetic information and evolving rapidly is a way to avoid their host’s immune system. However, currently, only a few control measures exist against some mycoplasmosis which are far from satisfaction. This review aimed to provide an updated insight into the state of mycoplasmas as pathogens by summarizing and analyzing the comprehensive progress, current challenge, and future perspectives of mycoplasmas. It covers clinical implications of mycoplasmas in humans and domestic and wild animals, virulence-related factors, the process of gene transfer and its crucial prospects, the current application and future perspectives of nanotechnology for diagnosing and curing mycoplasmosis, Mycoplasma vaccination, and protective immunity. Several questions remain unanswered and are recommended to pay close attention to. The findings would be helpful to develop new strategies for basic and applied research on mycoplasmas and facilitate the control of mycoplasmosis for humans and various species of animals.

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Section: Caprine Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives

Dawood

Algharib

Zhao

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Todavia, esse teste apresenta como uma das principais desvantagens o fato de somente detectar altos níveis de imunoglobulinas, e isso eleva a possibilidade de ocorrer falsos-negativos no rebanho [41]. Ademais, muitos estudos já evidenciaram que o mesmo apresenta baixa sensibilidade [5,12,23,50].…”

Section: Diagnóstico Sorológico De Lentivírus De Pequenos Ruminantesunclassified

“…A MN é a mais utilizada, e a transferência proteica pode ocorrer de várias maneiras [31,32], dentre elas, a ativa (Eletroblotting), na qual é utilizada uma corrente elétrica para mover as proteínas do gel para a MN [33]. Outra forma de transferência proteica entre gel e MN é a passiva, em que ocorre a pressão física, por meio de pesos de aproximadamente 2 kg durante 72 horas [23]. Para o diagnóstico dos LVPRs são utilizadas ambas formas de transferências proteica: a forma passiva [23,71] e por meio de Eletroblotting [37,61,73].…”

Section: Western Blot: Conceitos Básicos E Aplicaçõesunclassified

“…Outra forma de transferência proteica entre gel e MN é a passiva, em que ocorre a pressão física, por meio de pesos de aproximadamente 2 kg durante 72 horas [23]. Para o diagnóstico dos LVPRs são utilizadas ambas formas de transferências proteica: a forma passiva [23,71] e por meio de Eletroblotting [37,61,73].…”

Section: Western Blot: Conceitos Básicos E Aplicaçõesunclassified

“…A Imunodifusão em Gel de Agarose (IDGA) e o Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática (ELISA) indireto, são os testes preconizados pela Organização Mundial de Saúde Animal (OIE) para LVPRs [35]. No entanto, o Western Blot (WB), tem sido utilizado e se mostrado mais eficaz na detecção de anticorpos contra LVPRs [12,23,61] devido sua alta sensibilidade e especificidade. Portanto, o objetivo da presente revisão é demonstrar o potencial do Western Blot como teste de imunodiagnóstico de LVPRs.…”

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Western Blot in Immunodiagnosis of Small Ruminant Lentivirus

Peixoto

Araújo

Pinheiro

2021

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) belong to genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae. These viruses cause caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and maedi visna (MV), infectious diseases that cause economic, production, and reproductive losses. There are no effective treatments or vaccines for these diseases. Thus, early detection via serology has great importance for control of SRLV. Therefore, the objective of this review is to demonstrate the potential of the western blot (WB) test as an immunodiagnostic test for SRLV. Review: In general, immunodiagnosis of SRLV is performed via agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which can detect antibodies in several different biological samples but is used preferably with serum and blood plasma. However, WB has demonstrated efficacy in the early diagnosis of immunoglobulins against SRLV, presenting higher sensitivity and specificity than the serological tests usually used, because this technique can detect antibodies at a dilution as much as 256 times greater than that of AGID and 32 times greater than that of ELISA. SRLV infection and consequent immunological activation result in the induction of cellular and humoral responses. Additionally, around the third week, production of antibodies directed mainly toward viral capsid proteins (p25 and p28) occurs. After the fifth week, production of immunoglobulins directed toward other viral proteins occurs. Because of the persistence of SRLV infection, serology is considered to be the most practical means to diagnosis. Each serological test has a percentage specificity and distinct sensitivity, as well as advantages and disadvantages in its applicability. It should be noted that there is no gold standard test for diagnosis of SRLV infection. Moreover, SRLV are characterized by escape mechanisms such as genetic diversity, mutagenic potential, viral intermittence, and the process of compartmentalization, which make immunodiagnosis more difficult. In addition, positive animals tend to present unstable levels of antibodies over weeks, months, and even years. In this context, WB, with early antibody detection, has been proven to be a refined and more accurate technique than other immunodiagnostic tests for SRLV. WB allows the simultaneous resolution of several immunogenic antigens present in a sample, and this feature provides it with greater reliability, differentiates it from other immunological methods, and accredits it as a test of wide applicability. Epidemiological and immunological dynamics studies often use WB in the immunodynamic diagnosis of SRLV. Serum, blood plasma, and seminal plasma are typical biological materials used in the serological diagnosis of SRLV with WB, expanding its potential as an immunodiagnosis method.Conclusion: WB is the most accurate serological technique for SRLV. It is more capable of accurate diagnosis because the genetic diversity that characterizes such lentiviruses and their various immune system escape mechanisms routinely hinder traditional diagnosis. Additionally, this test has been used widely in studies of SRLV for various purposes, but mainly in studies of epidemiological and immunological dynamics, using serum, blood plasma, or seminal plasma. However, independently of the biological sample tested, WB maintains high sensitivity and precision in immunodiagnosis, making it a refined and valid technique for SRLV control programs.

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Coinfection of Small Ruminant Lentivirus and Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis in Dairy Goats

Mendes,

Pinheiro,

Pinheiro

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Mycoplasma agalactiae and investigation of coinfection with the caprine lentivirus in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives

Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives

Western Blot in Immunodiagnosis of Small Ruminant Lentivirus

Coinfection of Small Ruminant Lentivirus and Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis in Dairy Goats

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