“…BLV can be transmitted through medical procedures (iatrogenesis), vertically via semen, or by blood-sucking insects (Order Diptera, Family Muscidae) ( Chacón et al, 2023 ; Irimia et al, 2021 ; Ooshiro et al, 2013 ). In cattle, the clinical course of BLV infection unfolds in four distinct stages: Primary infection, persistent infection (PI), persistent lymphocytosis (PL), and lymphosarcoma (LS).…”