Seroprevalence and Determinants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Women of Reproductive Age in Mozambique: A Multilevel Analysis

Ekholuenetale, Michael; Benebo, Faith Owunari; Barrow, Amadou; Idebolo, Ashibudike Francis; Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe

doi:10.1007/s40121-020-00336-z

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Lack or low levels of formal education were associated with an increased odds of being HIVpositive in this study. These findings are corroborated by studies conducted by Patra (2016), Ekholuenetale et al (2020) and Mocumbi et al (2017), which also show an association between low education levels and HIV risk [14][15][16]. This association may be related to the fact that individuals with less formal education may be less knowledgeable about how diseases are spread, prevented and controlled [17][18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

HIV prevalence and associated factors among married women, Mozambique, 2015

Nuvunga

Langa

Baltazar

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: The 2021 human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) global report indicated that women and girls in sub-Saharan Africa remained the most affected groups, accounting for 62% of new infections in the region. In 2021 in Mozambique, the HIV prevalence rate among the adult population was 12.5%, with a rate of 15.4% among women of reproductive age. Our study assessed HIV prevalence and associated factors among married women in Mozambique. Methodology: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out using secondary data extracted from the 2015 Immunization, Malaria and HIV/AIDS (IMASIDA) survey in Mozambique. Married women (civil marriage and common law marriage) of reproductive age (15-49 years) were included. We applied sample weights for data analysis. Results: Out of the 3,006 married women included in the study, 20.1% fell within the 20-24 age group (n=603), and the average age was 30 years (SD=8.9 years). HIV prevalence was 6.9%. Factors significantly associated with HIV infection were age group 35-49 years (aOR=2.5; CI [1.3-4.6]; p=0.005) compared to age group 15-24 years, lack of formal education and primary education compared to higher education (aOR 7.7; CI [1.1-52.9], p=0.038 and aOR=9.8; CI [1.6-60.1]; p=0.014 respectively), having an uncircumcised partner (aOR=1.9; CI [1.2-3.1]; p=0.008), and having three or more lifetime sex partners compared to one sex partner (aOR=3.6; CI [2.9-7.3]; p< 0.001). Women who were in one lifelong union had a lower risk of HIV positivity compared to women who hadmore than one union (aOR=0.5; CI[0.3-0.8] p=0.005). Conclusion: The factors that contributed to a greater odds of HIV-positivity in this group of married Mozambican women were older age, low levels of education, having an uncircumcised partner and having more than one sexual partner throughout one's lifetime. In order to have maximum effect, HIV prevention and control campaigns in Mozambique should be tailored tothese “higher-risk” populations .

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

HIV prevalence and associated factors among married women, Mozambique, 2015

Nuvunga

Langa

Baltazar

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…In a previous study, HIV prevalence in Namibians over the age of 12 years was 11.8 percent in 2006/7 and 14.6 percent in 2009 [27]. Similarly, there are staggering reports of HIV prevalence among the adult population in Eswatini (27.3%), Lesotho (23.6%), South Africa (20.4%), Botswana (20.3%), Zimbabwe (12.7%), Mozambique (10.3% and 12.6%), and Zambia (11.3%) [18,28]. Despite efforts to reduce HIV transmission over time, the rate of reduction in incidence, combined with existing contextual interventions, indicates that Namibia is still a long way from meeting the 2030 global targets for reducing HIV incidence and mortality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The inclusion of these independent variables was based on the outcome of factors associated with HIV from previous studies [14][15][16][17][18]. The explanatory factors are presented in Table 1.…”

Section: Explanatory Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic Inequalities in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Sero-Prevalence among Women in Namibia: Further Analysis of Population-Based Data

Ekholuenetale

Onuoha

Ekholuenetale

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Socioeconomic inequality is a major factor to consider in the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. The aim of this study was to investigate socioeconomic inequalities in HIV prevalence among Namibian women. Data from a population-based household survey with multistage-stratified sample of 6501 women were used to examine the link between socioeconomic inequalities and HIV prevalence. The weighted HIV prevalence was 13.2% (95% CI: 12.1–14.3%). The HIV prevalence among the poorest, poorer, middle, richer, and richest households was 21.4%, 19.7%, 16.3%, 11.0%, and 3.7%, respectively. Similarly, 21.2%, 21.7%, 11.8%, and 2.1% HIV prevalence was estimated among women with no formal education and primary, secondary, and higher education, respectively. Women from poor households (Conc. Index = −0.258; SE = 0.017) and those with no formal education (Conc. Index = −0.199; SE = 0.015) had high concentration of HIV infection, respectively. In light of these findings, HIV prevention strategies must be tailored to the specific drivers of transmission in low socioeconomic groups, with special attention paid to the vulnerabilities faced by women and the dynamic and contextual nature of the relationship between socioeconomic status and HIV infection.

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“…Individual-level factors. The variables selected for this studies came from previous studies that looked at HIV positivity, testing and associated variables in women of childbearing age in African settings [26][27][28]. Women's age (in years): <25/25-34/over 34; educational attainment: uneducated/primary/secondary or higher; working status: not employed/employed; age at first union or marriage (in years): <18/18-24/over 24; age at first sex (in years): never had sex/<18/18+; health insurance: yes/no; years lived in place of residence: 5+/<5; literacy:…”

Section: Selection and Measurement Of Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achieving the UNAIDS first ‘95’ in prenuptial HIV/AIDS testing among reproductive-aged Rwandese women: A multilevel analysis of 2019–20 population-based data

Ekholuenetale

Owobi²,

Barrow³

2023

PLOS Glob Public Health

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A significant public health concern that disproportionately affects women is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Prenuptial HIV testing is no doubt a major step for people to learn their HIV status. In this study, the coverage of prenuptial HIV testing and its associated factors were examined among reproductive-aged Rwandese women. This study included a total of 14,634 reproductive-aged Rwandese women using 2019–20 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (RDHS). The coverage of prenuptial HIV/AIDS testing and the variables influencing it were evaluated using percentage and multilevel logit model. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. The weighted prevalence of prenuptial HIV/AIDS testing was 45.9% (95%CI: 44.8%-47.1%). The respondents who attained primary and secondary+ education had 31% (OR = 1.31; 95%CI: 1.09–1.59) and 56% (OR = 1.56; 95%CI: 1.25–1.95) higher odds of prenuptial HIV/AIDS testing, when compared with uneducated women. Those who got married or had their first sex at an adult age (18+ years), had higher odds of prenuptial HIV/AIDS testing, when compared with women who got married before age 18 years or never had sex respectively. Women’s age, nativity and region were associated with prenuptial HIV testing. Women with knowledge of HIV test kits, had higher odds of prenuptial HIV/AIDS testing (OR = 1.45; 95%CI: 1.30–1.63), when compared with those with no knowledge of HIV test kits. The respondents from female-headed households had 12% reduction in prenuptial HIV/AIDS testing (OR = 0.88; 95%CI: 0.80–0.97), when compared with their male-headed counterparts. The moderately (OR = 1.16; 95%CI: 1.03–1.31) and highly (OR = 1.55; 95%CI: 1.37–1.75) enlightened women had higher odds of prenuptial HIV/AIDS testing, when compared with those with low enlightenment. The uptake of prenuptial HIV/AIDS testing was relatively low among Rwandese women. We recommend improving women’s education, enlightenment, delay in sexual debut, marriage at adult age (18years) and increasing knowledge about HIV testing among women.

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Seroprevalence and Determinants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Women of Reproductive Age in Mozambique: A Multilevel Analysis

Cited by 8 publications

References 35 publications

HIV prevalence and associated factors among married women, Mozambique, 2015

HIV prevalence and associated factors among married women, Mozambique, 2015

Socioeconomic Inequalities in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Sero-Prevalence among Women in Namibia: Further Analysis of Population-Based Data

Achieving the UNAIDS first ‘95’ in prenuptial HIV/AIDS testing among reproductive-aged Rwandese women: A multilevel analysis of 2019–20 population-based data

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