Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpes virus-1 in Zanjan Province, Iran

Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1) remain as the major pathogens with heavy economic consequences in Iran. The prevalence of antibodies against BVDV and BHV-1, the rate of BVDV persistently infected (PI) animals, and associated risk factors were evaluated in a cross-sectional study carried out in Zanjan Province, Northwest Iran, in December 2011. A total number of 562 cattle in 10 herds and five cities were randomly selected, and their serum samples were tested to detect antibodies to these viruses and also BVDV antigen-positive (PI) animals. The data were analyzed with Pearson's correlation coefficient, chi-square, and logistic regression test. In total, nine and eight of the selected herds were seropositive to BVDV and BHV-1, respectively. The overall seroprevalence of these infections were estimated at 28.6 and 10.7% for BVDV and BHV-1, respectively, and 0.53% of the samples were detected as persistently infected. Statistical analysis revealed that sex, age, and farming system are risk factors for both infections (P < 0.05), while breed was determined as a strong risk factor only for BVDV (P < 0.001). In addition, the present study certainly identifies that infection with BVDV is associated with infection to BHV-1 (OR = 4.52, 95% CI: 2.60-7.80; P ˂ 0.001). The results add our knowledge about the prevalence and associated risk factors of BVDV and BHV-1 in Iran and imply that the prophylactic and surveillance strategies need to be implemented to reduce the risk of spread of these viruses.

A longitudinal study of bovine viral diarrhea virus in a semi-closed management dairy cattle herd, 2020–2022

“…A seroprevalence of 26% and 35% was previously reported in Saudi Arabia ( 27 , 28 ). Similarly, seroprevalence ranging from 25% to 80% was reported from Jordan, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Egypt, Iran, India, and Bangladesh ( 22 , 24 – 26 , 29 , 36 – 38 ).…”

“…The seroprevalence of BVDV in Europe was reported to vary between 60% and 85% ( 10 ). In the Middle East, seroprevalence varies from 40% in Egypt ( 24 ) to approximately 25% in Sudan ( 25 ), Iraq ( 22 ), and Iran ( 26 ). Similarly, a seroprevalence of 26% in Saudi Arabia and 35% in both Saudi Arabia and Oman was previously reported ( 27 – 30 ).…”

Respiratory and Reproductive Tract Disorders Causing Herpesviruses in Animals

“…In UK prevalence of BHV-1 was recorded about 83% in unvaccinated herds (Woodbine 2009). The seroprevalence of this virus has been determined from 36 to 48% in Central and South America and 14 to 60% in Africa (Straub 1990), 63 to 86% in Egypt (Mahmoud et al 2009), 36% in China (Yan et al 2008), 60.1% in India (Nandi and Kumar 2010), 10.7% in Iran (Erfani et al 2019)…”

Development and comparison of cross-linking and non-crosslinking probe-gold nanoparticle hybridization assays for direct detection of unamplified bovine viral diarrhea virus-RNA

“…Noaman and Nabinejad reported that the prevalence of BVDV in Isfahan Province, Iran, is 52.8 and 100% in cattle and farms, respectively [7]. In other provinces, the prevalence is almost the same [8,9].…”