Seroprevalence and risk factors for hepatitis B and hepatitis C in three large regions of Kazakhstan

Nersesov, Alexander; Gusmanov, Arnur; Crape, Byron; Джунусбекова, Г А; Berkinbayev, Salim; Jumabayeva, Almagul; Kaibullayeva, Jamilya; Madenova, Saltanat; Novitskaya, Mariya; Nazarova, Margarita; Gaipov, Abduzhappar; Ashimkhanova, Aiymkul; Kadyrzhanuly, Kainar; Atageldiyeva, Kuralay; Vento, Sandro

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261155

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Of note, we observed decline in the HBsAg prevalence among adults after 60 years of age. The decline in HBsAg positivity among the elderly population has been also reported in countries with different levels of HBV endemicity [38][39][40]. The reasons are not clear and could vary across countries, but in Georgia, where the anti-HBc prevalence plateaued after 35 years of age but HBsAg prevalence declined, the likely explanation would be deaths of HBsAg-positive persons from HBV-related (cirrhosis, liver cancer) or other causes (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Considering the progress made towards the national hepatitis C elimination goal adopted in 2015 [17,18] and substantial burden of HBV infection, elimination of hepatitis B was included in the 2021-2025 Strategic Plan for the Elimination of Hepatitis in Georgia. Because of the early initiation of hepatitis C elimination efforts, Georgia's hepatitis elimination programme is further advanced than in other intermediate and high-endemicity countries in the Caucasus, Eastern Europe and Central Asia which also have a substantial hepatitis B disease burden [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward reaching hepatitis B goals: hepatitis B epidemiology and the impact of two decades of vaccination, Georgia, 2021

et al. 2023

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Background Georgia has adopted the World Health Organization European Region’s and global goals to eliminate viral hepatitis. A nationwide serosurvey among adults in 2015 showed 2.9% prevalence for hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) and 25.9% for antibodies against HBV core antigen (anti-HBc). HBV infection prevalence among children had previously not been assessed. Aim We aimed to assess HBV infection prevalence among children and update estimates for adults in Georgia. Methods This nationwide cross-sectional serosurvey conducted in 2021 among persons aged ≥ 5 years used multi-stage stratified cluster design. Participants aged 5–20 years were eligible for hepatitis B vaccination as infants. Blood samples were tested for anti-HBc and, if positive, for HBsAg. Weighted proportions and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for both markers. Results Among 5–17 year-olds (n = 1,473), 0.03% (95% CI: 0–0.19) were HBsAg-positive and 0.7% (95% CI: 0.3–1.6) were anti-HBc-positive. Among adults (n = 7,237), 2.7% (95% CI: 2.3–3.4) were HBsAg-positive and 21.7% (95% CI: 20.4–23.2) anti-HBc-positive; HBsAg prevalence was lowest (0.2%; 95% CI: 0.0–1.5) among 18–23-year-olds and highest (8.6%; 95% CI: 6.1–12.1) among 35–39-year-olds. Conclusions Hepatitis B vaccination in Georgia had remarkable impact. In 2021, HBsAg prevalence among children was well below the 0.5% hepatitis B control target of the European Region and met the ≤ 0.1% HBsAg seroprevalence target for elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HBV. Chronic HBV infection remains a problem among adults born before vaccine introduction. Screening, treatment and preventive interventions among adults, and sustained high immunisation coverage among children, can help eliminate hepatitis B in Georgia by 2030.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward reaching hepatitis B goals: hepatitis B epidemiology and the impact of two decades of vaccination, Georgia, 2021

et al. 2023

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“…This cross-sectional study was based on the data from a large nationwide study, supported by the Ministry of Health, which was initiated to monitor non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Kazakhstan ( 14 ). This study used the standardized WHO STEPwise approach to NCDs ( 15 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Impaired Fasting Glucose and Type 2 Diabetes in Kazakhstan: Findings From Large Study

Orazumbekova

Atageldiyeva

Berkinbayev

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious public health problem. A large proportion of patients with T2DM are unaware of their condition. People with undiagnosed T2DM are at a greater risk of developing complications, whereas prediabetes has an elevated risk of becoming T2DM. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), undiagnosed and prior-diagnosed T2DM in Kazakhstan. A cross-sectional study was conducted in four geographically remote regions using the WHO STEP survey instrument. The status of T2DM of 4,753 participants was determined using the WHO diagnostic criteria based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level. As a result, the survey-weighted prevalence of IFG was 1.9% (95% CI 1.1%; 3.5%) and of T2DM was 8.0% (95% CI 3.8; 15.9). A total of 54% of T2DM have been newly diagnosed with T2DM. Being 55–64 years old (OR = 2.71, 95% CI 1.12; 6.60) and having lowered HDL-C level (OR = 3.72, 95% CI 1.68; 8.23) were found to be independent predictors for IFG. Being older than 45 years, a female (OR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.39; 0.83), having high waist circumference, was associated with newly diagnosed T2DM. Whereas, the age older than 45 years, high waist circumference, and family history of diabetes (OR = 2.42, 95% CI 1.64; 3.54) were associated with preexisting T2DM. This study shows a high prevalence of IFG and a high proportion of newly diagnosed T2DM in Kazakhstan. A series of risk factors identified in the study may be used to strengthen appropriate identification of IFG or undiagnosed patients in healthcare settings to deliver either preventive or therapeutic interventions aimed to reduce the incidence of T2DM or the delay of their complications. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these associations in our population.

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“…In 2006, Kazakhstan experienced a transfusion-related HIV outbreak among children [ 15 ]. Kazakhstan has a high prevalence of both hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) [ 16 ], with dental surgery, blood transfusions, and frequent injections identified as factors associated with increased odds of HCV seropositivity [ 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Core components of infection prevention and control programs at the facility level in Kazakhstan: key challenges and opportunities

Deryabina¹,

Aiypkhanova

Juvashev³

et al. 2023

Antimicrob Resist Infect Control

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Background Kazakhstan is developing a National Roadmap to strengthen its Infection Prevention and Control (IPC), but until recently has lacked a country-wide facility-level assessment of IPC performance gaps. Methods In 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO)’s IPC Core Components and Minimal Requirements were assessed at 78 randomly selected hospitals across 17 administrative regions using adapted WHO tools. The study included site assessments, followed by structured interviews with 320 hospital staff, validation observations of IPC practices, and document reviews. Results All hospitals had at least one dedicated IPC staff member, 76% had IPC staff with any formal IPC training; 95% established an IPC committee and 54% had an annual IPC workplan; 92% had any IPC guidelines; 55% conducted any IPC monitoring in the past 12 months and shared the results with facility staff, but only 9% used monitoring data for improvements; 93% had access to a microbiological laboratory for HAI surveillance, but HAI surveillance with standardized definitions and systematic data collection was conducted in only one hospital. Adequate bed spacing of at least 1 m in all wards was maintained in 35% of hospitals; soap and paper towels were available at the hand hygiene stations in 62% and 38% of hospitals, respectively. Conclusions Existing IPC programs, infrastructure, IPC staffing, workload and supplies present within hospitals in Kazakhstan allow for implementation of effective IPC. Development and dissemination of IPC guidelines based on the recommended WHO IPC core components, improved IPC training system, and implementation of systematic monitoring of IPC practices will be important first steps towards implementing targeted IPC improvement plans in facilities.

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Seroprevalence and risk factors for hepatitis B and hepatitis C in three large regions of Kazakhstan

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

Toward reaching hepatitis B goals: hepatitis B epidemiology and the impact of two decades of vaccination, Georgia, 2021

Toward reaching hepatitis B goals: hepatitis B epidemiology and the impact of two decades of vaccination, Georgia, 2021

Prevalence of Impaired Fasting Glucose and Type 2 Diabetes in Kazakhstan: Findings From Large Study

Core components of infection prevention and control programs at the facility level in Kazakhstan: key challenges and opportunities

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