Seroprevalence and risk factors of exposure to caprine arthritis‐encephalitis virus in southern Spain

Barrero-Domínguez, Belén; Luque, Inmaculada; Huerta, Belén; Sánchez, María‐Teresa; Laguna, Jaime Gómez; Astorga, R.

doi:10.1136/vr.104014

Cited by 14 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…A percentage of herds exposed to CAEV of 87.71 per cent (CI 95 78.42-97.00), with overall seroprevalence of 23.22 per cent (CI 95 21.78-24.65), has been previously detected in a parallel study. 21 In the dairy goat locks analysed, the animals were exposed to risk factors of both diseases, such as insuicient ventilation deined as a risk factor for PTB or the absence of cleaning and disinfection protocols in the CAEV study, 21 which could inluence the accumulation of both microorganisms in the environment and increase the probability of exposure of animals to these pathogens. However, the authors cannot rule out that immunosuppression usually caused by a primary viral infection, such as CAEV, may favour the development of PTB.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Every flock was visited and information on health and productive parameters was gathered: geographical location (Sierra Morena, Valle del Guadalquivir or Malaga Province), breed (Malagueña, Murciano‐Granadina or Florida), production system (intensive or semi‐intensive), kidding area (yes or no), management by batches (groups of animals organised by homogeneous batches according to sex, age and size, and energy and protein requirements, yes or no), type of lactation (kid‐rearing systems, natural or artificial), ventilation (good or inappropriate) and seropositivity to CAEV (yes or no). Seropositivity to CAEV was calculated in a previous study using an indirect ELISA Kit INgezim Maedi Screening (Ingenasa), which has sensitivity and specificity of 95 per cent and 99 per cent, respectively 21 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seropositivity to CAEV was calculated in a previous study using an indirect ELISA Kit INgezim Maedi Screening (Ingenasa), which has sensitivity and specificity of 95 per cent and 99 per cent, respectively. 21 The ield data were introduced into an SPSS matrix for posterior statistical analysis. (table 1).…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paratuberculosis in dairy goat flocks from southern Spain: risk factors associated with seroprevalence

et al. 2019

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BackgroundParatuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic, enteric wasting disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), with a worldwide distribution. Andalusia, located in southern Spain, is one of the European regions with the highest goat census and the highest milk production; however, current data on the prevalence of MAP in this species are not available.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with PTB in dairy goat flocks from southern Spain. A total of 3312 serum samples were collected from 48 flocks located in three different geographical areas. Health and productive parameters were surveyed during the visit to the herds.ResultsA total of 511 goats were seropositive, with overall true seroprevalence of 22.54 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval (CI95) 21.12–23.97). Of the goat herds, 87.50 per cent (CI9578.14–96.98) were seropositive. The intraherd seroprevalence was 25.43±31.71, distributed as follows: 22 flocks with a seroprevalence under 10 per cent; 18 flocks between 10 per cent and 50 per cent; and eight flocks with a frequency over 50 per cent. Multivariate logistic regression showed significant association between PTB seropositivity and the following variables: intensive production system, lack of management by batches, inappropriate ventilationandseropositivity tocaprinearthritisencephalitisvirus (CAEV).ConclusionsThe results indicate a widespread PTB infection in goat herds in southern Spain. Thus, control programmes must include management and sanitary measures to reduce the prevalence. Further experimental studies are necessary to determine the influence of CAEV-PTB coinfection on immune status.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paratuberculosis in dairy goat flocks from southern Spain: risk factors associated with seroprevalence

et al. 2019

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“…How many adult goats (males and females) are currently kept in the herd?–included as the additional explanatory variable called “herd size”. This numerical variable was included to control for the known positive relationship between herd size and the occurrence of SRLV infection [ 4 , 10 ] as well as to adjust the model by possible subjectivity of carpal arthritis perception in herds of various size.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between the dissemination of small ruminant lentivirus infection in goat herds and opinion of farmers on the occurrence of arthritis

et al. 2018

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Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection manifests itself mainly with chronic progressive arthritis affecting mainly carpal joints. The data from serological and questionnaire surveys were retrospectively analyzed to determine how the dissemination of SRLV infection in the herd influenced farmer’s subjective opinion on the occurrence of swelling of carpal joints (considered as a proxy of arthritis). Between 1996 and 2017 153 different Polish dairy goat herds counting at least 20 adult goats were serologically screened for CAE and their owners were asked about their opinion on the occurrence of arthritis (never, rarely, often). Of them 73 SRLV-seropositive herds, in which true seroprevalence had been estimated, were included in the analysis. The ordinal logistic regression model was developed to determine the relationship between the true within-herd seroprevalence and the probability that the farmer would observe arthritis in the herd never, rarely or often. True within-herd seroprevalence ranged from 0.2% to 100% with the median of 34.6%. Farmers declared not to have observed arthritis in 40 (54.8%) herds, to have seen it rarely in 9 (12.3%) of herds, and to have observed it often in 24 (32.9%) of herds. The model proved that the probability of observing goats with carpal arthritis in the herd was significantly linked to the true within-herd seroprevalence (OR = 1.058, CI 95% from 1.037 to 1.078; p<0.001), but this relationship was not linear and SRLV infection proved to remain unapparent to farmers even when a considerable part of the herd had already become infected. Concluding, the study shows that when the farmer realizes that goats in the herd suffer from arthritis, SRLV infection is almost certainly already widespread in the herd.

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“…SRLV affects the production and welfare of sheep and goats worldwide; the estimated seroprevalence is 80–90% in dairy goats [3, 4] and 60–82% in Italy [5, 6]. There is no effective treatment for SRLV infection; the virus’s high mutation rate precludes vaccine development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A single nucleotide variant in the promoter region of the CCR5 gene increases susceptibility to arthritis encephalitis virus in goats

et al. 2019

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Background The small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are a heterogeneous group of viruses that includes caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) and Maedi-Visna virus (MVV). SRLVs affect the production and welfare of sheep and goats worldwide. There is currently no effective treatment. Their high mutation rate precludes vaccine development, making innovative control measures necessary. A variant of the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) gene is reportedly involved in resistance to human immunodeficiency (HIV) infection in humans and to SRLV in sheep. The aim of this study was to analyse the genetic structure and variability of the CCR5 gene in goats and to carry out a cross-sectional study to investigate the role of CCR5 genetic variants in controlling susceptibility/resistance to CAEV. Results The variant g.1059 T located in the promoter region revealed an interesting association with high proviral loads (a 2.8-fold increased risk). A possible explanation could be an alteration of the transcriptional level. Overexpression of the CCR5 receptor on the cell surface may increase virus internalization and proviral load as a consequence. Conclusions Our findings could be advantageously used to reduce the susceptibility of goat herds to CAEV by negatively selecting animals carrying the g.1059 T mutation. Eliminating animals predisposed to high proviral loads could also limit the development of clinical signs and the spread of the virus, since these animals are also highly efficient in shedding the virus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1979-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Seroprevalence and risk factors of exposure to caprine arthritis‐encephalitis virus in southern Spain

Cited by 14 publications

References 12 publications

Paratuberculosis in dairy goat flocks from southern Spain: risk factors associated with seroprevalence

Paratuberculosis in dairy goat flocks from southern Spain: risk factors associated with seroprevalence

Relationship between the dissemination of small ruminant lentivirus infection in goat herds and opinion of farmers on the occurrence of arthritis

A single nucleotide variant in the promoter region of the CCR5 gene increases susceptibility to arthritis encephalitis virus in goats

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