Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Toxocara Species in the United States and Associated Risk Factors, 2011–2014

Liu, Eugene; Chastain, Holly M.; Shin, Sun Hee; Wiegand, Ryan E.; Kruszon-Moran, Deanna; Handali, Sukwan; Jones, Jeffrey L.

doi:10.1093/cid/cix784

Cited by 46 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A study in Serbia revealed a seroprevalence of 13% for Toxocara infection with a significant difference between sex gender (more common in women), but not among the age groups . Yet, a few studies reported that the seropositivity to Toxocara increases by age …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Toxocara seroprevalence (5%) has recently been reported in children aged ≥6 years in the US. 21 In another study in the USA, male gender, lower income, nonwhite ethnicity and less than collegelevel education were considered as associated risk factors for the Toxocara infection. 28 Fallah et al 23 for Toxocara infection with a significant difference between sex gender (more common in women), but not among the age groups.…”

Section: A Few Examples Of Numerous Studies About the Seroprevalence Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…29 Yet, a few studies reported that the seropositivity to Toxocara increases by age. 21,22 The association between Toxocara infection and dog or cat ownership has been documented. Study of Cong et al 22 Jilin provinces in China, the seroprevalence of Toxocara infection among the study population was found to be 19.3% 23 and exposure to soil and keeping dogs at home were among the factors which were associated with Toxocara infection.…”

Section: A Few Examples Of Numerous Studies About the Seroprevalence Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxocara infection among children in a rural community in Fars province, southern Iran

Sarkari

Alirezaei

Gigloo

et al. 2018

Parasite Immunology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The current study was performed to find out the seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in children living in a rural community in Fars province, southern Iran. Venous blood was taken from 617 children and evaluated for anti-Toxocara antibodies, using an ELISA system. Of the 617 studied children, 318 (51.5%) were boys and 299 (48.5%) were girls. Mean age of the participants was 9.2 (±10.7) years. Most cases of the recruited subjects (37.4%) were in the age group of 0-5 years. Anti-Toxocara antibodies were detected in sera of 39 (6.3%) of children. From these, 23 (62.2%) were boys and 14 (37.8%) were girls. The infection rate was almost the same in different age groups. No statistically significant differences were seen between seropositivity to Toxocara infection and gender or age of the participants. Dogs or cats ownership was not associated with Toxocara seropositivity. The adjusted associations of the study variables suggested that the visceral leishmaniasis (VL) seropositivity is significantly associated with the seroprevalence of Toxocara infection (P < 0.001). Findings of the current study revealed that Toxocara infection is a common infection among children in the studied rural community in Iran. Preventive measurements are necessary to minimize the rate of Toxocara infection in children in such communities.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Few Examples Of Numerous Studies About the Seroprevalence Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Few Examples Of Numerous Studies About the Seroprevalence Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxocara infection among children in a rural community in Fars province, southern Iran

Sarkari

Alirezaei

Gigloo

et al. 2018

Parasite Immunology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In Asia, the seroprevalence of toxocariasis was substantially high, at 46.0% in Taiwan [9], 45.9% in Turkey [10], 49% in the Philippines [11], 51.2% in Korea, and 23.5% -45.9% in Iran [12,13]. In Western countries, the prevalence was 5.0% in the United States [14], 8.0% in Italy [15] and 16.0% in Greece [16]. Many factors have been proposed to be involved, including contact with dogs [8,12], children's age [17] and male sex [8,18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Toxocara canis infection among primary schoolchildren from rural areas of southern Thailand

Phasuk¹,

Punsawad²

2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundHuman toxocariasis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by a parasite in the genus Toxocara and is transmitted mainly by accidental ingestion of embryonated Toxocara canis (dog round worm) or T. cati (cat round worm) eggs. Several studies reported that children were the main population at risk for T. canis infection. Currently, no reports on the seroprevalence of T. canis infection in Thailand are available, and its status remains unknown among children who live in rural areas of southern Thailand.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of T. canis infection and its associated risk factors among primary schoolchildren in rural areas of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand.MethodsA total of 177 schoolchildren between 6 and 13 years of age were recruited between June and July 2019. Serum anti-T. canis IgG antibodies were detected with a commercial ELISA kit. A questionnaire administered by direct interviews was used to collect demographic and behavioral risk factor data.ResultsThe overall seroprevalence of T. canis infection was 58.2% (103 of 177). The univariate analysis revealed that schoolchildren who did not practice handwashing before a meal (crude odds ratio (COR) = 3.67, 95% CI: 1.93-6.95, P < 0.001), did not practice hand washing after animal contact (COR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.53-5.47, P = 0.001), and drank untreated water (COR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.00-3.48, P = 0.049) had an increased risk of acquiring T. canis infection. However, after adjusting for confounders, only a lack of handwashing before a meal remained a significant risk factor (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.11-4.34, P = 0.023). Age, sex, owning a dog and eating fresh vegetables were not significantly associated with T. canis infection in the current study.ConclusionsThis is the first serological investigation of T. canis infection among schoolchildren in Thailand. The high rate of Toxocara seropositivity reflected high levels of exposure to T. canis among schoolchildren in rural areas of southern Thailand. The results also provide baseline data regarding modifiable risk behaviors for effective T. canis infection prevention strategies in southern Thailand, especially strengthening hand washing practices among schoolchildren.

show abstract

“…[1–7] However, little is known about the current epidemiology of these infections. [3, 8] Although exact numbers are not available, studies have suggested that within the US there may be up to 300,000 people with Chagas disease,[9–15] 1.3 – 2.8 million with serological evidence of exposure to Toxocara spp.,[3, 16] 4 million with soiltransmitted helminths,[3, 17, 18] 1.2 million with giardiasis,[19] 41,400 – 169,000 with cysticercosis,[3] and approximately 8,000 with schistosomiasis. [3] These infections represent an important health disparity in the US as higher infection rates for some parasites are believed to occur among those living in poverty in underserved rural and inner-city areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of parasitic infections among recent immigrants to Chicago

Herrick

Nordstrom

Maloney

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

23 24 Author contributions: Jesica A. Herrick was responsible for the funding acquisition, 25 conceptualization of the study, study design and methodology, oversight of subject 26 enrollment and regulatory aspects of the study, data curation and formal analysis, and 27 writing of the manuscript. Monica Nordstrom, Patrick Maloney, and Miguel Rodriguez 28 were involved in the investigation and recruited and enrolled subjects in the study and 29 provided a critical review of the manuscript. Patrick Maloney was also responsible for 30 the formal statistical analyses. Kevin Naceanceno and Gloria Gallo Enamorado 31 performed the Multi-parallel real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) conducted on patient 32 stool samples as part of the investigation. Rojelio Mejia oversaw the qPCR conducted 33 on patient stool samples (supervisory role) and provided a critical review of the 34 manuscript. Ron Hershow was involved in a supervisory capacity in the study concept 35 and design, analysis and interpretation of data, and writing of the manuscript.36 37 Related manuscripts: All authors certify that there is no related or duplicate manuscript 38 under consideration for this work. 39 40 Attachments: STROBE statement 3 41 ABSTRACT 42 Background. Parasitic infections are likely under-recognized among immigrant 43 populations in the United States (US). We conducted a cross-sectional study to 44 evaluate the frequency of such infections among recent immigrants in Chicago and to 45 identify predictive factors for parasitic infections. 46 Methodology and principal findings. 133 recent immigrants were enrolled, filling out a 47 standardized questionnaire regarding medical history and exposures and providing 48 blood and stool samples for evaluation. Fifteen of 125 subjects (12%) who provided a 49 blood or stool sample for testing were found to have evidence of current or prior 50 infection with a pathogenic parasite, of which Toxocara spp. (8 subjects, 6.4%) and 51 Strongyloides stercoralis (5 subjects, 4%) were most commonly identified. Parasitic 52 infection was more likely among subjects who had immigrated within the previous 2 53 years and those with a self-reported history of ever having seen worms in the stool. 54 Infected individuals were likely to have multiple nonspecific physical complaints; 55 however, classic symptoms of parasitic infections (skin rashes, diarrhea, etc.) were not 56 increased among infected individuals. The most useful surrogate markers identified for 57 parasitic infections were an elevated Immunoglobulin E level (seen in 7/15 subjects with 58 parasitic infections, 46.7% and 22/110 uninfected individuals, 20%, p=0.04) and the 59 presence of Blastocystis hominis cysts on Ova & Parasite exam (detected in 5/13 60 subjects with parasitic infections who provided a stool sample, 38.5% and 5/98 61 uninfected subjects, 5.1%, p=0.002). In contrast, the Absolute Eosinophil Count 62 (typically thought of as an indicator of parasites) was not found to be a good screening 63 test for parasitic infections in this study. 4 64 C...

show abstract

Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Toxocara Species in the United States and Associated Risk Factors, 2011–2014

Abstract: Toxocara seroprevalence estimates in 2011-2014 were lower than in a study from NHANES III (1988-1994), but seropositivity risk factors remained the same and should continue to be the focus of prevention efforts.

Cited by 46 publications

References 14 publications

Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxocara infection among children in a rural community in Fars province, southern Iran

Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxocara infection among children in a rural community in Fars province, southern Iran

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Toxocara canis infection among primary schoolchildren from rural areas of southern Thailand

Prevalence of parasitic infections among recent immigrants to Chicago

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About