Seroprevalence of Brucella Infection and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Receiving Antenatal Care around Human, Wildlife and Livestock Interface in Ngorongoro Ecosystem, Northern Tanzania. A Cross Sectional Study

Abstract

Background Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals, animal products or consumption of infected dairy products. Brucella infection during pregnancy is of special interest due to association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study determined the seroprevalence and factors associated with Brucella infection among pregnant women around the human-wildlife-livestock interface area in Ngorongoro Ecosystem, Northern Tanzania. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted between May and June 2018 at six health facilities that provide antenatal services. Pregnant women receiving antenatal care were invited to participate. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics in addition to behavior and practices related to the occurrence of human brucellosis. The presence of serum immunoglobulin against Brucella was determined using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT). The positive samples were further assayed for the presence of IgG and IgM using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent assay. Bivariate analysis was conducted to determine the variables associated with Brucella seropositivity. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the factors independently associations with Brucella seropositivity after adjustment for other explanatory variables. Results A total of 313 participants were enrolled in the study. The overall seroprevalence of Brucella infection was 10.9 % (34/313) determined by Rose Bengal plate test. Of 34 positive individuals, 27(79.4%) and 8(23.5%) were positive in the ELISA specific for IgG and IgM Brucella antibodies respectively. Regular contact with manure (AOR 3.16, 95%CI 1.27-7.83) and preference for animal fresh milk (AOR 3.80, 95 % CI 1.23–11.69), raw meat (AOR 2.58, 95 % CI 1.14 – 5.81) and raw animal blood (AOR 2.71, 95 % CI 1.15–6.35) increased the odds of being Brucella seropositive . Contact with the animal placenta were not associated with Brucella seropositivity after adjustment. Conclusion This study has found that brucellosis is an important public health problem among pregnant women in areas with interactions of humans; livestock and wildlife. The risk of infection increased with the regular contact with manure and preference of raw foodstuffs like animal blood, meat, and milk. We emphasize the need for interventional strategies to reduce the risk of exposure.