Seroprevalence of hepatitis A among children of different socioeconomic status in Cairo

Salama, Iman I.; Samy, Sahar; Shaaban, F A; Hassanin, Ahmed; Ismail, Lina

doi:10.26719/2007.13.6.1256

Cited by 26 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…No rigorous studies were found for hepatitis A. Children in Egypt lacking on-plot water were 3 times more likely to have hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibodies than children using on-plot water supplies (OR=3.0, 95% CI: 1.1-10.2 (p<0.01)), and in China, seroprevalence of HAV was 73% lower in households with on-plot water than households who collected surface water (p<0.001) (Salama et al, 2007;Wang et al, 1989). …”

Section: Height Weight and Weight-for-heightmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

Overbo

Williams

Evans

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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Many studies have found that household access to water supplies near or within the household plot can reduce the probability of diarrhea, trachoma, and other water-related diseases, and it is generally accepted that on-plot water supplies produce health benefits for households. However, the body of research literature has not been analyzed to weigh the evidence supporting this. A systematic review was conducted to investigate the impacts of on-plot water supplies on diarrhea, trachoma, child growth, and water-related diseases, to further examine the relationship between household health and distance to water source and to assess whether on-plot water supplies generate health gains for households. Studies provide evidence that households with on-plot water supplies experience fewer diarrheal and helminth infections and greater child height. Findings suggest that water-washed (hygiene associated) diseases are more strongly impacted by on-plot water access than waterborne diseases. Few studies analyzed the effects of on-plot water access on quantity of domestic water used, hygiene behavior, and use of multiple water sources, and the lack of evidence for these relationships reveals an important gap in current literature. The review findings indicate that on-plot water access is a useful health indicator and benchmark for the progressive realization of the Sustainable Development Goal target of universal safe water access as well as the human right to safe water.

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Section: Height Weight and Weight-for-heightmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

Overbo

Williams

Evans

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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“…Of these 224(55.2%) were positive for anti-HAV antibody with the older children being more infected. Similar to the Cairo study, 7 low social class and older age were predictors of infection, with 13% risk of infection for every one year increase in age. 8 Thus it can be argued that, unlike in Europe and North America, there has been no significant decrease in HAV infection in African children in the past several decades.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 51%

“…19 Salama et al 7 in Cairo demonstrated marked difference in the prevalence of HAV in children between the socioeconomic groups -90 percent for the low socioeconomic group and 50% for the high. This was almost certainly due to differences in levels of sanitation and water supply.…”

Section: Drivers and Predictors Of Hav And Hev Transmission In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Faeco-orally transmitted viral hepatitis in african children

Ekanem¹,

Ikobah²,

Calabar³

et al. 2018

J Immunological Sci

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1Department of paediatrics, university of calabar and university of calabar teaching hospital, calabar, nigeria. ABSTRACTThe faeco-orally transmitted hepatotropic viruses -hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses-are endemic in Africa. While transmission has reduced remarkably in Europe and North America in the past decades, it has remained unchanged in Africa with hepatitis A prevalence remaining at above 50% and hepatitis E more than 7%. Much of this transmission occurs during childhood with the important drivers/predictors being poor water supply, poor sewage disposal facilities, low socioeconomic class, crowding, and poor social conditions arising from conflict. Initial clinical features in children are difficult to distinguish from malaria which is also endemic in the region. Commercially available ELISA kits present the best option for laboratory diagnosis of both viruses in Africa. While effective vaccines suitable for the African situation have been developed recently, improved water supply and sanitation are sine qua non for the prevention of transmission of both viruses among African children. Interventional studies are needed in the region.

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“…The water source has a very important effect on seroprevalence. [3] In areas of high endemicity, most of the children are exposed to the virus and the consequent acquisition of antibodies against it confers lifelong immunity. Most infections in children of a younger age are asymptomatic or have mild, nonspecific manifestations (e.g., fever) that are indistinguishable from other viral infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus infection in different age groups of children

Verma¹,

Neelam²,

Rajput³

2014

Ann Trop Med Public Health

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Context: Hepatitis A is one of the most common causes of hepatitis in the pediatric age group and the most common cause of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) among children in India. Hepatitis A is a waterborne disease. High endemicity obviates the need for vaccine in the community. Aims: We studied 116 children in the outpatient department (OPD) to know the seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV), total antibodies, and the effect of various demographic and water sanitation variables on it. Settings and Design: Children attending the pediatric OPD with minor problems in a medical college hospital were chosen for this study. It is a descriptive, cross-sectional, and seroepidemiologic investigative study. Materials and Methods: Blood samples of randomly selected children were collected and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was done for the detection of total anti-HAV antibodies, [both immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG)], using a commercially available ELISA kit. "Dia.Pro" (Diagnostic Bioprobes srl via Columella n° 31 20128 Millano, Italy). Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was performed by the chi-square test using Epi Info software 3.5.4 version (2012) [Center for disease control and prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia (USA)]. Results: Seroprevalence in children from the upper social class was 54.5% versus 87.2% in the lower social class (P = 0.00075). 90.9% of the children with rural background were seropositive compared to 77.1% of children with urban background. The mother's education above and below secondary level had a seropositivity for HAV in children up to 69.23% and 87.1%, respectively. The method of water treatment using boiled water, mechanical iltration, iltration plus ultraviolet (UV) light treatment, and no treatment had a seropositivity of 50.0%, 83.33%, 37.5%, and 84%, respectively, (P = 0.0036). Seropositivity was the highest when the water source was municipal bore well pipeline (88.88%), followed by municipal dam water through pipeline (79.16%), and personal bore well (68.16%) (P = 0.026). Conclusion: Children of this geographical area have high seroprevalence for HAV antibodies at a younger age with a signi icant difference between their social classes, water sources, and water treatment methods.

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Seroprevalence of hepatitis A among children of different socioeconomic status in Cairo

Cited by 26 publications

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On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

Faeco-orally transmitted viral hepatitis in african children

Seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus infection in different age groups of children

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