Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2--United States, 1999-2010

Bradley, Heather; Markowitz, Lauri E.; Gibson, Theda; McQuillan, Geraldine M.

doi:10.1093/infdis/jit458

Cited by 384 publications

(309 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…A survey from 2005 to 2010 including Americans between 14 and 49 years of age in the USA estimated HSV-1 seropositivity at 54 % and HSV-2 seropositivity at~16 % [40]. While HSV-2 is also capable of causing encephalitis (particularly in the immunocompromised host), HSV-1 is responsible for~90 % of HSV encephalitis in adults and children, and is the focus of this review [41].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Encephalitis in Adults: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

2016

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Herpetic infections have plagued humanity for thousands of years, but only recently have advances in antiviral medications and supportive treatments equipped physicians to combat the most severe manifestations of disease. Prompt recognition and treatment can be lifesaving in the care of patients with herpes simplex-1 virus encephalitis, the most commonly identified cause of sporadic encephalitis worldwide. Clinicians should be able to recognize the clinical signs and symptoms of the infection and familiarize themselves with a rational diagnostic approach and therapeutic modalities, as early recognition and treatment are key to improving outcomes. Clinicians should also be vigilant for the development of acute complications, including cerebral edema and status epilepticus, as well as chronic complications, including the development of autoimmune encephalitis associated with antibodies to the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and other neuronal cell surface and synaptic epitopes. Herein, we review the pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and clinical and radiological features of herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis in adults, including a discussion of the most common complications and their treatment. While great progress has been made in the treatment of this life-threatening infection, a majority of patients will not return to their previous neurologic baseline, indicating the need for further research efforts aimed at improving the long-term sequelae.

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Encephalitis in Adults: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

2016

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“…Globally, HSV-2 is a major health threat, with 16% of the U.S. population infected by age 30 and 50 to 90% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa infected (3)(4)(5). Recent reports emphasize the importance of HSV-1 as an important etiologic agent of genital herpes particularly in the United States and other developed countries (6)(7)(8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent reports emphasize the importance of HSV-1 as an important etiologic agent of genital herpes particularly in the United States and other developed countries (6)(7)(8). Seroprevalence of HSV-1 among 14-to 49-year-olds in the United States reached 53.9% in 2005 to 2010 (5). No effective vaccine is available to prevent the acquisition or spread of either HSV serotype.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of the Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) Glycoprotein D/AS04 Vaccine against Genital HSV-2 and HSV-1 Infection and Disease in the Cotton Rat Sigmodon hispidus Model

Boukhvalova

McKay

Mbaye

et al. 2015

J Virol

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Subunit vaccines based on the herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) glycoprotein D (gD-2) have been the major focus of HSV-2 vaccine development for the past 2 decades. Based on the promising data generated in the guinea pig model, a formulation containing truncated gD-2, aluminum salt, and MPL (gD/AS04) advanced to clinical trials. The results of these trials, however, were unexpected, as the vaccine protected against HSV-1 infection but not against HSV-2. To address this discrepancy, we developed a Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA)-treated cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus model of HSV-2 and HSV-1 genital infection. The severity of HSV-1 genital herpes was less than that of HSV-2 genital herpes in cotton rats, and yet the model allowed for comparative evaluation of gD/AS04 immunogenicity and efficacy. Cotton rats were intramuscularly vaccinated using a prime boost strategy with gD/AS04 (Simplirix vaccine) or control vaccine formulation (hepatitis B vaccine FENDrix) and subsequently challenged intravaginally with HSV-2 or HSV-1. The gD/AS04 vaccine was immunogenic in cotton rats and induced serum IgG directed against gD-2 and serum HSV-2 neutralizing antibodies but failed to efficiently protect against HSV-2 disease or to decrease the HSV-2 viral load. However, gD/AS04 significantly reduced vaginal titers of HSV-1 and better protected animals against HSV-1 compared to HSV-2 genital disease. The latter finding is generally consistent with the clinical outcome of the Herpevac trial of Simplirix. Passive transfer of serum from gD/AS04-immunized cotton rats conferred stronger protection against HSV-1 genital disease. These findings suggest the need for alternative vaccine strategies and the identification of new correlates of protection. IMPORTANCEIn spite of the high health burden of genital herpes, there is still no effective intervention against the disease. The significant gap in knowledge on genital herpes pathogenesis has been further highlighted by the recent failure of GSK HSV-2 vaccine Simplirix (gD/AS04) to protect humans against HSV-2 and the surprising finding that the vaccine protected against HSV-1 genital herpes instead. In this study, we report that gD/AS04 has higher efficacy against HSV-1 compared to HSV-2 genital herpes in the novel DMPA-synchronized cotton rat model of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection. The findings help explain the results of the Simplirix trial.T he disease burden associated with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection, an important cause of genital herpes worldwide, is high and presents an additional threat due to its association with an increased risk of HIV acquisition and transmission (1-3). Globally, HSV-2 is a major health threat, with 16% of the U.S. population infected by age 30 and 50 to 90% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa infected (3-5). Recent reports emphasize the importance of HSV-1 as an important etiologic agent of genital herpes particularly in the United States and other developed countries (6-8). Seroprevalence of HSV-1 among 14-to 49-year-olds in the Uni...

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“…Infants are typically infected at the time of birth due to maternal genital shedding of HSV-1 or HSV-2, often by mothers who are not aware of their infection (2)(3)(4). The recent increase in genital HSV-1 incidence among women of childbearing age, particularly in developed nations, suggests that the burden of neonatal infection will continue to rise (1,5). While some infected infants exhibit only superficial infection limited to the skin, eyes, or mouth (SEM disease), about half develop invasive systemic (disseminated disease) or central nervous system (CNS disease) infections associated with significant morbidity and mortality (6,7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypic and phenotypic diversity within the neonatal HSV-2 population

Akhtar

Bowen

Renner

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Neonates infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) at the time of birth can have different courses of clinical disease. Approximately half of those infected display manifestations limited to the skin, eyes, or mouth (SEM disease, 45%). However, others develop invasive infections that spread systemically (disseminated, 25%) or to the central nervous system (CNS, 30%); both of which are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The viral and/or host factors that predispose a neonate to these invasive forms of HSV infection are not known. To define the level of viral diversity within the neonatal population we evaluated ten HSV-2 isolates cultured from neonates with a range of clinical presentations. To assess viral fitness independent of host immune factors, we measured viral growth characteristics of each isolate in cultured cells. We found that HSV-2 isolates displayed diverse in vitro phenotypes. Isolates from neonates with CNS disease were associated with larger average plaque size and enhanced spread through culture, with isolates derived directly from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exhibiting the most robust growth characteristics. We then sequenced the complete viral genomes of all ten neonatal HSV-2 isolates, providing the first insights into HSV genomic diversity in this clinical setting.We found extensive inter-host variation between isolates distributed throughout the HSV-2

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Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2--United States, 1999-2010

Abstract: An increasing number of adolescents lack HSV-1 antibodies at sexual debut. In the absence of declines in HSV-2 infections, the prevalence of genital herpes may increase.

Cited by 384 publications

References 22 publications

Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Encephalitis in Adults: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Encephalitis in Adults: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Efficacy of the Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) Glycoprotein D/AS04 Vaccine against Genital HSV-2 and HSV-1 Infection and Disease in the Cotton Rat Sigmodon hispidus Model

Genotypic and phenotypic diversity within the neonatal HSV-2 population

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