Seroprevalence of HIV-1, HIV-2, and HIV-1 Group O in Nigeria: Evidence for a Growing Increase of HIV Infection

Esu-Williams, Eka; Mulanga-Kabeya, Claire; Harry, Takena; Zwandor, Altine; Aminu, Kwaru; Adamu, Iman; Yetunde, O.T.; Akinsete, I; Patrel, Delphine; Peeters, Martine; Delaporte, Eric

doi:10.1097/00042560-199711010-00010

Cited by 35 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Similarly, subtype G intrasubtype distances were 14.3% in the DRC and 8.3% in Nigeria (43). The history of the AIDS epidemic is different for the two countries; rapidly increasing seroprevalences over time in Nigeria, versus stable and low prevalences in the DRC (12,33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Unprecedented Degree of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Group M Genetic Diversity in the Democratic Republic of Congo Suggests that the HIV-1 Pandemic Originated in Central Africa

Vidal¹,

Peeters²,

Mulanga-Kabeya³

et al. 2000

J Virol

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287

187

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The purpose of this study was to document the genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC; formerly Zaire). A total of 247 HIV-1-positive samples, collected during an epidemiologic survey conducted in 1997 in three regions (Kinshasa [the capital], Bwamanda [in the north], and Mbuyi-Maya [in the south]), were genetically characterized in the env V3-V5 region. All known subtypes were found to cocirculate, and for 6% of the samples the subtype could not be identified. Subtype A is predominant, with prevalences decreasing from north to south (69% in the north, 53% in the capital city, and 46% in the south). Subtype C, D, G, and H prevalences range from 7 to 9%, whereas subtype F, J, K, and CRF01-AE strains represent 2 to 4% of the samples; only one subtype B strain was identified. The highest prevalence (25%) of subtype C was in the south, and CRF01-AE was seen mainly in the north. The high intersubtype variability among the V3-V5 sequences is the most probable reason for the low (45%) efficiency of subtype A-specific PCR and HMA (heteroduplex mobility assay). Eighteen (29%) of 62 samples had discordant subtype designations between env and gag. Sequence analysis of the entire envelope from 13 samples confirmed the high degree of diversity and complexity of HIV-1 strains in the DRC; 9 had a complex recombinant structure in gp160, involving fragments of known and unknown subtypes. Interestingly, the unknown fragments from the different strains did not cluster together. Overall, the high number of HIV-1 subtypes cocirculating, the high intrasubtype diversity, and the high numbers of possible recombinant viruses as well as different unclassified strains are all in agreement with an old and mature epidemic in the DRC, suggesting that this region is the epicenter of HIV-1 group M.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Unprecedented Degree of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Group M Genetic Diversity in the Democratic Republic of Congo Suggests that the HIV-1 Pandemic Originated in Central Africa

Vidal¹,

Peeters²,

Mulanga-Kabeya³

et al. 2000

J Virol

Self Cite

287

187

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…2 3,2 9 Between March and April 1996, we conducted a large serosurvey of selected population groups from different geographic locations in Nigeria (southwest, southeast, north, and northeast), which has been published. 23 The purpose of this study was to generate data on HIV infection, especially on the relative prevalences of the HIV-1 subtypes circulating in Nigeria.…”

Section: Introduction W Ith T H E C H a R A Cte Riza Tio N Of Many Ismentioning

confidence: 99%

Predominance of Subtype A and G HIV Type 1 in Nigeria, with Geographical Differences in Their Distribution

Peeters¹,

Esu-Williams²,

Vergne³

et al. 2000

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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The purpose of this study was to generate data on the relative prevalences of the HIV-1 subtypes circulating in Nigeria. A total of 252 HIV-1-positive samples collected during an epidemiologic survey conducted in April 1996 were genetically characterized by HMA (heteroduplex mobility assay) and/or sequencing. Samples were collected in Lagos, Calabar, Kano, and Maiduguri. Overall, the predominant env subtypes were A (61.3%) and G (37.5%). Subtype A is more prevalent in the south (p < 0.001), about 70% in Lagos and Calabar, whereas a quarter of the samples was classified as subtype G in these states. In contrast, subtype G is predominant in the north ( < 0.001), representing 58% of the samples in Kano. In the northeastern region, Maiduguri, almost similar proportions of subtype A and G were seen, 49 and 47.4%, respectively. A total of 37 samples was also sequenced in the p24 region from the gag gene; 13 (35%) had discordant subtype designations between env and gag. The majority of the gag (12 of 17) and env (14 of 22) subtype A sequences clustered with the A/G-IBNG strain. Within subtype G, three different subclusters were seen among the envelope sequences. These different subclusters are observed among samples obtained from asymptomatic individuals and AIDS patients from the four Nigerian states studied. In conclusion, we observed a limited number of HIV-1 subtypes circulating in Nigeria, with subtypes A and G being the major env subtypes responsible for the HIV-1 epidemic. Nevertheless, the high rate of recombinant viruses (A/G) and the different A/G recombinant structures indicate a complex pattern of HIV-1 viruses circulating in this country.

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“…The prevalence of HIV-2 in samples collected in 18 rural locations between 1992 and 1994 was reported to be 0.8% [2]. In 1996 an HIV-2-specific antibody was detected in 4.5% of samples collected in six regions of the country (Lagos, Cross River, Borno, Kano, and Jigawa states) [18]. The prevalence of HIV-2 in blood samples collected from 35 out of 36 states in Nigeria was found to be 4.3% in 1999 [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies show that HIV-2 is more prevalent in sexually active populations. However, studies conducted after 1994 [3,18] suggest that HIV-2 viral strains are widespread in Nigeria and are not restricted to specific sub-populations. As such, patients whose HIV-1 test results are inconsistent with clinical findings should be considered for the possibility of HIV-2 seropositivity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absence of routine molecular testing and prevalence of HIV-2 infection in regions hardest-hit by HIV infection

Forbi¹,

Esona²,

Iperepolu³

et al. 2012

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: Investigating the incidence and dynamics of HIV-2 and false-negative HIV test results in a highly sexually active population where frequent opportunities exist for acquiring and transmitting infections provides additional understanding of the epidemiology of the virus in Africa. Methodology: The HIV status of 900 active female sex workers (FSWs) was determined using two lateral flow rapid assays in series. The second rapid test device incorporates type-specific recombinant peptides that discriminate between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection. HIV seronegative samples were re-tested for HIV infection and their viral loads determined using the NucliSENS real-time nucleic acid sequencebased amplification (NASBA) platform. Results: In total, 335 FSWs were determined to be HIV positive, the majority (227; 67.8%) of whom were between the ages of 20 and 30 years. Eighteen (5.4%) were found to have evidence of HIV-2 infection, 17 of whom were co-infected with HIV-1. Only one HIV-2 monoinfection was observed. Out of 565 HIV-negative individuals determined by serology, 11(1.9%; p>0.05) were found to be HIV-1 positive when tested via the NASBA platform. Conclusion: False negative test results, HIV-2 infection, and complex transmission networks among FSWs may aid in fueling the HIV epidemic in the Nigerian population. These findings demonstrate the need to reevaluate the quality of HIV serological diagnostics, control services, and stress the need for widespread introduction of molecular testing among high-risk populations in the country.

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Seroprevalence of HIV-1, HIV-2, and HIV-1 Group O in Nigeria: Evidence for a Growing Increase of HIV Infection

Cited by 35 publications

References 12 publications

Unprecedented Degree of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Group M Genetic Diversity in the Democratic Republic of Congo Suggests that the HIV-1 Pandemic Originated in Central Africa

Unprecedented Degree of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Group M Genetic Diversity in the Democratic Republic of Congo Suggests that the HIV-1 Pandemic Originated in Central Africa

Predominance of Subtype A and G HIV Type 1 in Nigeria, with Geographical Differences in Their Distribution

Absence of routine molecular testing and prevalence of HIV-2 infection in regions hardest-hit by HIV infection

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