Seroprevalence of Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Risk Factors Associated with Seropositivity in Pigs in Four Mountain Districts in Nepal*

Thakur, Krishna K.; Pant, Ganesh Raj; Wang, L.; Hill, Catherine A.; Pogranichniy, Roman M.; Manandhar, Sujata; Johnson, April J.

doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01456.x

Cited by 27 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…The prevalence rate observed in this study was less than the previous report from various 10 (Pant, 2006) and another research including 16 districts which showed 55% prevalence (Pant et al, 2006). One cross sectional study conducted from July to August of 2010 in Sindhupalchowk, Dolakha, Solukhumbu and Kavrepalanchowk had shown 16.7% prevalence in Sindhupalchowk, 4% prevalence in Dolakha, 6.6% in Solukhumbu and 44.6% prevalence in Kavrepalanchowk (Thakur et al, 2012). The findings of this study are almost comparable to the findings from other Asian countries like 49% in Bali and 6% in Java of Indonesia (Yamanaka et al, 2010); 33.3% in Tibet (Li et al, 2009) and 4.5% in Ishigaki Island, Japan (Nidaira et al, 2009).…”

Section: Comparison Of Swine Sero-statuscontrasting

confidence: 76%

Wine Sero-Status of Japanese Encephalitis among Kathmandu and Morang Districts of Nepal

Chapagain

Singh

Thapa

et al. 2018

Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol

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Japanese Encephalitis (JE) a vector borne zoonoitc disease caused by arbovirus of Flavivirus and transmitted by Culex tritaeniorhynchus additionally pig acts as amplifying host for the virus. A total 115 swine serum samples 100 pig farmers from each district were tested against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. The collected samples were analyzed by using “Porcine Encephalitis B Virus Antibody Rapid Test Kit”. Among them 17% samples were positive for JE while 83% samples were negative for JE. Total 18% were positive for JE in Morang district while 115.4% were positive for Kathmandu district. There was no significant difference in prevalence of JE in these two districts (p>0.05). In Kathmandu, the prevalence was 15.4% while in Morang it was slightly higher, 18%. 9.5% younger pigs of 3-9 months of age were positive for JE and 20.6% of age above 9 months were positive of JE but were no significant (p>0.05). Similarly, 17.9% female pigs and 14.6% male pigs were positive for JE however difference was not significantly different. In case of breed, no association of pigs with seropositivity (p>0.05), 7 (13.5%) out of 52 local breed pigs and 12 (19.1%) out of 63 were JE positive. The prevalence rate of JEV was higher in Morang district among study area which might be due to several factors like lack of education in pig farmers, non vaccinated pig population and lack of awareness regarding risk factor of JEV. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 6(4): 373-378

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Section: Comparison Of Swine Sero-statuscontrasting

confidence: 76%

Wine Sero-Status of Japanese Encephalitis among Kathmandu and Morang Districts of Nepal

Chapagain

Singh

Thapa

et al. 2018

Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol

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“…In addition, other climate-sensitive vector-borne diseases, including malaria, lymphatic filariasis, visceral leishmaniasis and dengue, have been reported in the hilly and mountain regions of Nepal, which were previously considered as non-endemic, indicating the adaptation of vectors in non-endemic regions [30, 31]. The study also detected anti-JE virus antibodies in swine populations sampled from four high-altitude mountain districts of Nepal indicating circulation of JE virus, where human infections were documented [32]. Similarly, a study conducted by Impoinvil et al (2011) demonstrated JE clusters shifting to hilly and mountain regions of Nepal [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Spatio-temporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in Nepal, 2007-2015

Pant

Tenzin²,

Chand

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a major public health problem in Nepal. For the effective management and surveillance of JE, a clear understanding of its epidemiology is essential. Therefore, we conducted descriptive and spatial analyses to understand the spatio-temporal distribution of JE in human in Nepal. From 2007 to 2015, 1,823 JE cases were reported with a cumulative mean incidence of 0.735/100,000 population and a case fatality rate of 6.6%. The death rate in the up-to-24 years of age group was 74%. The JE cases were most commonly reported in the age group of 1–14 years. There is a strong seasonal pattern of JE occurrence in Nepal which peaked in August and declined by October each year, which corresponds to the monsoon season. The JE cases were reported in 63 of 75 districts (84%), expanding in the mountain and hill regions. There was a strong clustering of JE incidence in the south-western and south-eastern Terai region, which is endemic for JE. Therefore, the JE surveillance system should be improved to better understand the drivers of disease expansion in Nepal for instituting a control program.

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“…A significantly positive association of JE incidence with monthly temperature and the percentage of irrigated land, and a negative association with low precipitation has also been reported from Nepal [81]. The spatiotemporal distribution of JE cases in Nepal (1978–2012) is shown in Fig 6[77,79,80,81,82,107]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…It was first recorded in Nepal in 1965 with a distribution ranging from the lowland to hill regions including Kathmandu valley [60]. Although most reported JE cases in Nepal were initially confined to 24 districts in the lowland Terai [78], JEV transmission is now established in hill and mountain districts of Nepal, including Kathmandu valley, which were previously considered non-endemic for this disease [77,79,80,81,82]. Moreover, there are reports of spatial cluster of JE incidence with a shift from the Terai lowlands to hill and mountain regions after 2005 [81].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The risk of JE was also associated with paddy field configuration at the landscape level [83]. A presence of mosquitoes in pig farms and their association with JE sero-positivity has been reported from four mountain districts of Nepal [82]. A significantly positive association of JE incidence with monthly temperature and the percentage of irrigated land, and a negative association with low precipitation has also been reported from Nepal [81].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climate Change and Spatiotemporal Distributions of Vector-Borne Diseases in Nepal – A Systematic Synthesis of Literature

2015

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BackgroundDespite its largely mountainous terrain for which this Himalayan country is a popular tourist destination, Nepal is now endemic for five major vector-borne diseases (VBDs), namely malaria, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, visceral leishmaniasis and dengue fever. There is increasing evidence about the impacts of climate change on VBDs especially in tropical highlands and temperate regions. Our aim is to explore whether the observed spatiotemporal distributions of VBDs in Nepal can be related to climate change.MethodologyA systematic literature search was performed and summarized information on climate change and the spatiotemporal distribution of VBDs in Nepal from the published literature until December2014 following providing items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.Principal FindingsWe found 12 studies that analysed the trend of climatic data and are relevant for the study of VBDs, 38 studies that dealt with the spatial and temporal distribution of disease vectors and disease transmission. Among 38 studies, only eight studies assessed the association of VBDs with climatic variables. Our review highlights a pronounced warming in the mountains and an expansion of autochthonous cases of VBDs to non-endemic areas including mountain regions (i.e., at least 2,000 m above sea level). Furthermore, significant relationships between climatic variables and VBDs and their vectors are found in short-term studies.ConclusionTaking into account the weak health care systems and difficult geographic terrain of Nepal, increasing trade and movements of people, a lack of vector control interventions, observed relationships between climatic variables and VBDs and their vectors and the establishment of relevant disease vectors already at least 2,000 m above sea level, we conclude that climate change can intensify the risk of VBD epidemics in the mountain regions of Nepal if other non-climatic drivers of VBDs remain constant.

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Seroprevalence of Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Risk Factors Associated with Seropositivity in Pigs in Four Mountain Districts in Nepal*

Cited by 27 publications

References 36 publications

Wine Sero-Status of Japanese Encephalitis among Kathmandu and Morang Districts of Nepal

Wine Sero-Status of Japanese Encephalitis among Kathmandu and Morang Districts of Nepal

Spatio-temporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in Nepal, 2007-2015

Climate Change and Spatiotemporal Distributions of Vector-Borne Diseases in Nepal – A Systematic Synthesis of Literature

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