Seroprevalence of leptospirosis among hospitalized febrile patients in Unguja Island

Abstract

Background: Leptospirosis is one of the neglected causes of febrile illness and death in developing countries, including Tanzania. The study aims to determine the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among hospitalized febrile patients in Unguja Island. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the three selected hospitals in Unguja Island between January and March 2022. A total of 402 participants with febrile illness were enrolled in the study, and blood samples were collected for sera preparation. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was used to detect antibodies against five Leptospira serovars, including Sokoine, Lora, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, and Hebdomadis. All sera samples reacted with MAT titers≥1:160 were counted as positive, MAT titers ranging from 1:20 to 1:80 were counted as exposed to Leptospira bacteria while the absence of agglutination was regarded as negative. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 26, 2019. Descriptive and logistic regression was performed, and p≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of study participants was 29.62 ±16.34, with a range of 0 days to 80 years. Most of them were females (64.2%) and unemployed (67.9%). The overall seroprevalence of leptospirosis was 7.7% (95% CI: 5.3-10.8). Females were 1.016 times higher likelihood to have leptospirosis (AOR = 1.016, 95% CI: 0.47-2.185, p = 0.968). Participants aged 18-35 were 2.093 times more likely to be infected with leptospirosis (AOR= 2.093, 95% CI: 0.835-5.250, p = 0.115). Participants who were unemployed (AOR = 1.169, 95% CI: 0.522-2.615, p = 0.704) revealed a significantly higher likelihood of being infected with leptospirosis. The predominant Leptospira serovars circulating among febrile patients were Sokoine 44 (10.9%), Lora 25 (6.2%), Grippotyphosa 20 (5.0%), Pomona 10 (2.5%), and Hebdomadis 9 (2.2%). Conclusion: Leptospirosis is a public health threat among febrile patients in Unguja Island; therefore, it’s important to be considered in the differential diagnosis of non-malaria febrile patients for early prevention and control strategies.

Seropositivity of Leptospira in rodents, shrews, and domestic animals in Unguja, Tanzania

“…The frequent rodents contact with reservoir hosts (dogs, cattle, sheep, and goats) was observed in the peri-urban and urban locations. This finding is similar to the studies by Ally et al [12] and, Mlowe et al [16] from Unguja. Zanzibar, Tanzania.…”

“…among rodents, shrews, cattle, goats, sheep, and dogs in Unguja, Tanzania. The previous reports in the same settings documented Leptospira seropositivity among hospitalized febrile patients [12,13]. The current study aimed to address that gap of animal leptospirosis by examining the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among rodents, shrews, cattle, goats, sheep, and dogs.…”

“…As in this grazing system animals are kept within a fenced homestead and feeds and water are brought to them. Rodents easily share feed with domesticated animals, and there is a high human-animal interaction, thus increasing the risk of this zoonotic disease to humans [12,18]. In comparison with the observation made in a previous study which reported a prevalence of 38.0% in sheep in Morogoro, Tanzania [20], probably due to a small number of sheep in the Morogoro study areas, most of these animals are imported from the outside the island and are used as a source of meat consumption.…”

“…Moreover, serovars circulating in Tanzania reported in rodents, shrews, and domestic animals were identified as Sokoine, Lora, Kenya, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Pomona, and Canicola [2]. In Zanzibar, studies on the seroprevalence of leptospirosis have been reported to be 7.7% in humans [12] and less than 1.0% in patients at Mnazi Mmoja Hospital [13]. Thus, the disease is underreported or goes unnoticed.…”

Seroprevalence of Leptospira infection in slaughtered cattle in Unguja Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania

“…Leptospirosis is a neglected occupational zoonotic infection caused by members of pathogenic Leptospira [1,2]. It has a cosmopolitan pattern of distribution but is much more prevalent in tropical regions including Tanzania [3].…”