Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella, Group A Streptococcus, CMV and HSV-1 in COVID-19 Patients with Vitamin D Deficiency

Abstract

Background and Objective: In recent years, respiratory tract viral infections have caused many pandemics that impact the whole world.To investigate the seropositivity of Toxoplasma gondii, rubella, CMV, HSV-1 and group A Streptococcus in recovered COVID-19 patients and correlate these findings with vitamin D levels. Materials and Methods: A total of 417 COVID-19 patients with diarrhoea were enrolled in this study. Vitamin D and seroprevalence for Toxoplasma gondii, rubella, CMV, HSV-1 and group A Streptococcus were evaluated and correlated. Results: It was found that recent infection in COVID-19 patients with HSV-1, rubella, Toxoplasma and CMV, respectively. IgG was detected indicating the development of adaptive immunity with all microbes. Conclusion: Current study detected a correlation between vitamin D levels and HSV-1 and no correlation between this infection and vitamin D deficiency with the other microbes.

Frequency of exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in COVID-19 patients. a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…In contrast, Geraili et al reported a prevalence rate of 26.1% in northern Iran (15). In Saudi Arabia, Halawi M. et al reported that 64.3% of patients with COVID-19 had toxoplasmosis (14). On the other hand, a similar study proposed by Galván-Ramírez MdlL.…”

“…The frequency of exposure to T. gondii, detected through the presence of IgG in patients with COVID-19, reached 49% (95% CI: 34-63%; 2,947 participants; 13 studies; I 2 = 98%, p < 0.01) (Fig. 2) (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). In addition, the frequency of exposure to T. gondii, detected through the presence of IgM in patients with COVID-19, reached 2% (95% CI: 0-6%; 1,302 participants; 6 studies; I 2 = 94%, p < 0.01) (Fig.…”

“…The studies' quality was evaluated using the JBI Critical Appraisal Tools for cross-sectional research. All the studies were of moderate quality (Table S3) (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). Egger's test for the evaluation of publication bias obtained a value of p = 0.4301 (t = 0.82, df = 11).…”

“…Likewise, among the 1,302 COVID-19 patients tested, 36 cases were identi ed with the presence of T. gondii by IgM detection. Finally, of the 533 patients with COVID-19 screened by PCR, 21 cases were found to have T. gondii (Table 1) (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). Considering all patients, approximately 43.26% were males and 49.41% were females.…”