Seroprevalence of Zoonotic Toxocariasis in the United States: 1971–1973

Herrmann, Nira; Glickman, Lawrence T.; Schantz, Peter; Weston, Marian G.; Domanski, Linda M.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114172

Cited by 82 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Male gender, for example, was suggested to be associated with both increased [27][28][29][30] and decreased 31 risk of infection, with some large studies showing no association between gender and risk. [32][33][34] Young age, 35 low socioeconomic status, 36 low parental education, 34,37 and poor sanitation 6 are additional factors contributing to Toxocara exposure in some communities. Dog ownership has been identified as a risk factor in several 11,27,35,[37][38][39] although not all 40 studies of urban and rural populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Toxocariasis in Rural Brazilian Amazonia: Seroprevalence, Risk Factors, and Spatial Distribution

Rubinsky-Elefant¹,

Silva‐Nunes²,

Malafronte³

et al. 2008

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. This population-based cross-sectional study of 403 rural settlers in Brazilian Amazonia revealed an overall rate of IgG seropositivity to Toxocara canis excretory-secretory larval antigen of 26.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.5-31.4%). Multilevel logistic regression analysis identified current infection with hookworm (odds ratio [OR], 2.32; 95% CI, 1.11-4.86) and residence in the most recently occupied sectors of the settlement (OR, 1.81; 95%CI, 1.3-2.52) as significant risk factors for Toxocara seropositivity; age > 14 years (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.28-0.73) and the presence of cats in the household (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.32-1.02) appeared to be protective. Two significant high-prevalence clusters were detected in the area, together comprising 38.9% of the seropositive subjects; households in the clusters had slightly lower socioeconomic status and were less likely to have cats as pets. The obstacles for controlling human toxocariasis in this and other tropical rural settings are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Toxocariasis in Rural Brazilian Amazonia: Seroprevalence, Risk Factors, and Spatial Distribution

Rubinsky-Elefant¹,

Silva‐Nunes²,

Malafronte³

et al. 2008

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…The prevalence of Toxocara infection as measured by evaluating anti-Toxocara antibodies in serum is variable, with higher prevalence observed in developing countries [1][2][3][4] . Some studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between the presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies and geophagy, onycophagy, a poor hygiene profile and contact with dogs [4][5][6][7] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Toxocara antibodies detected in children attending elementary school in Vitoria, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil: prevalence and associated factors

Fragoso

Monteiro

Lemos

et al. 2011

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction:The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies in serum from 7-year-old children attending elementary school in Vitória-ES, Brazil and to correlate these antibodies with socio-demographic factors, the presence of intestinal helminths, blood eosinophil numbers, past history of allergy or asthma, and clinical manifestations of helminth infections. Methods: The detection of anti-Toxocara antibodies was performed using an ELISA (Cellabs Pty Ltd)on serum from 391 children who had already been examined by fecal examination and blood cell counts. Data from clinical and physical examinations were obtained for all children. Results: The prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies was 51.6%, with no gender differences. No significant differences were observed between positive serology and the presence or absence of intestinal worms (60.3 and 51.7%, respectively; p = 0.286). The only variables significantly related to positive serology were onycophagy and the use of unfiltered water. Although eosinophilia (blood eosinophil count higher than 600/mm 3 ) was significantly related to the presence of a positive ELISA result, this significance disappeared when we considered only children without worms or without a past history of allergy or asthma. No clinical symptoms related to Toxocara infection were observed. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in children attending elementary schools in Vitória, which may be partially related to cross-reactivity with intestinal helminths or to a high frequency of infection with a small number of Toxocara eggs. Keywords: Toxocara canis.Toxocariasis.Toxocara infection.Visceral larva migrans. RESUMO Introdução:O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxocara em crianças admitidas no primeiro ano de escola fundamental em Vitória e correlacionar com variáveis sociodemográficas, helmintos intestinais, eosinófilos no sangue, geofagia, onicofagia, história de asma e alergia cutânea e manifestações clínicas. Métodos: A pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Toxocara, utilizando um teste de ELISA (Cellabs), foi realizada em 391 crianças nas quais foram realizados exames parasitológicos de fezes e hemograma completo. Todas as crianças foram submetidas a exame clínico e físico. Resultados: A prevalência de reação positiva foi de 51,6%, sem diferença entre os sexos. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na prevalência de reação positiva em crianças com ou sem helmintos intestinais (60,3 e 51,7%, respectivamente; p = 0.286). Ainda que a frequência de eosinófilos acima de 600/mm 3 tenha sido significativamente maior em crianças com sorologia positiva, a significância desapareceu quando se considerou as crianças sem helmintos intestinais ou história pregressa de asma ou alergia cutânea. As únicas variáveis significativamente correlacionadas, de modo independente, com a presença de sorologia positiva foram onicofagia e hábito de beber água não filtrada. Nenhuma criança apresentou manifestação clínica...

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“…For example, serological evidence of infection was found in 86% of the children in a community of the Caribbean island of St Lucia [17], in 20-35% of urban slum dwellers and Indians of Venezuela [18] and in 62% of the children of Bali (Indonesia) [19]. In studies of children having poor hygiene and sanitation conditions in the US, seroprevalence ranged from 30% to 50% [20,21].…”

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confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in middle-class and disadvantaged children in northern Spain (Gipuzkoa, Basque Country)

Cilla¹,

Pérez-Trallero²,

Gutiérrez³

et al. 1996

Eur J Epidemiol

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The prevalence of human toxocarosis in disadvantaged socioeconomic population in Europe is unknown. In Gipuzkoa the seroprevalence in middle-class children 2- to 5-years-old, and 6- to 16-year-olds, was zero (n = 135) and 4.4% (n = 320), respectively. In contrast, among socially and economically disadvantaged children the figures were 37% (n = 27) and 65.7% (n = 64). This high prevalence obliges us to consider toxocarosis as a public health problem.

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Seroprevalence of Zoonotic Toxocariasis in the United States: 1971–1973

Cited by 82 publications

References 9 publications

Human Toxocariasis in Rural Brazilian Amazonia: Seroprevalence, Risk Factors, and Spatial Distribution

Human Toxocariasis in Rural Brazilian Amazonia: Seroprevalence, Risk Factors, and Spatial Distribution

Anti-Toxocara antibodies detected in children attending elementary school in Vitoria, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil: prevalence and associated factors

Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in middle-class and disadvantaged children in northern Spain (Gipuzkoa, Basque Country)

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