Serosurveillance for equine infectious anaemia in the Ardahan province of Turkey

Albayrak, Harun; Özan, Emre

doi:10.1007/s11250-010-9611-5

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…No exhaustive studies describing spatial pattern, incidence, prevalence, and temporal trends are available. Most of the published papers investigating EIA epidemiology originated from a clinical index case, from epidemiological investigations following passive surveillance, and from active surveillance studies with a sampling design not representative of the national equid population [2,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Only a few studies were conducted with a proper design and a representative sampling aimed at estimating the occurrence of the infection in a region, a country, an equine sector, or the whole equid population [12,[25][26][27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine Infectious Anaemia: The Active Surveillance of an Entire Equid Population Reduces the Occurrence of the Infection

Carvelli,

Nardini,

Carnio

et al. 2024

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Equine infectious anaemia (EIA) is a life-long viral infection affecting equids, transmitted mechanically by biting flies and iatrogenic means. Despite its global distribution, active surveillance is limited, with passive clinical surveillance or control of specific equine sectors prevailing. In Italy, a national surveillance plan in horse, donkey, and mule populations has been established and includes mandatory passive and active surveillance through annual serological tests. During 2007–2010, the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test served as both screening and confirmatory tests. Since 2011, a three-tier diagnostic pathway was introduced, utilizing the ELISA test for screening, AGID as the confirmatory test, and the immunoblot test for cases where ELISA was positive and AGID was negative. From a total equid population of 406,000 animals, 1,337,899 samples were analysed during 2007–2012, with 2,348 (0.18%) testing positive. EIA seroprevalence significantly decreased across all the species/hybrids during the study period. EIA occurrence was higher in mules (IRR = 48.90) and lower in donkeys (IRR = 0.56) compared to horses. The holding seroprevalence was 1.15%. Spatial analysis revealed clusters of infection in central Italy. These findings demonstrate that active systematic surveillance effectively reduces EIA prevalence in equid populations. Mules and working horses in wooded areas appeared to be at higher risk of infection and act as EIA reservoirs. Surveillance and control should be maintained and strengthened in these species/hybrids and in these areas to effectively control EIA. Passive surveillance alone is insufficient to eradicate the disease, and EIA remains a constant threat for the equine industry if active control is not implemented.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine Infectious Anaemia: The Active Surveillance of an Entire Equid Population Reduces the Occurrence of the Infection

Carvelli,

Nardini,

Carnio

et al. 2024

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus that infects horses, ponies, donkeys and other equids. EIAV is transmitted between hosts by biting flies [ 1 ] and is more prevalent in warmer climates [ 2 ]. Only 11 equid infections require reporting to the OIE, the World Organization for Animal Health, of which EIAV is one [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key Factors and Parameter Ranges for Immune Control of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Infection

Hull-Nye

Meadows

Smith

et al. 2023

Viruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) is an important infection in equids, and its similarity to HIV creates hope for a potential vaccine. We analyze a within-host model of EIAV infection with antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. In this model, the stability of the biologically relevant endemic equilibrium, characterized by the coexistence of long-term antibody and CTL levels, relies upon a balance between CTL and antibody growth rates, which is needed to ensure persistent CTL levels. We determine the model parameter ranges at which CTL and antibody proliferation rates are simultaneously most influential in leading the system towards coexistence and can be used to derive a mathematical relationship between CTL and antibody production rates to explore the bifurcation curve that leads to coexistence. We employ Latin hypercube sampling and least squares to find the parameter ranges that equally divide the endemic and boundary equilibria. We then examine this relationship numerically via a local sensitivity analysis of the parameters. Our analysis is consistent with previous results showing that an intervention (such as a vaccine) intended to control a persistent viral infection with both immune responses should moderate the antibody response to allow for stimulation of the CTL response. Finally, we show that the CTL production rate can entirely determine the long-term outcome, regardless of the effect of other parameters, and we provide the conditions for this result in terms of the identified ranges for all model parameters.

show abstract

“…Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus that primarily infects horses and shares many characteristics with HIV, including its viral structure, genome, life cycle and transmission via blood. EIAV establishes a persistent infection and is transmitted between hosts by biting flies [1]; the virus is prevalent in warmer climates, although not exclusively so [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling Mutation in Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Infection Suggests a Path to Viral Clearance with Repeated Vaccination

Schwartz

Costris-Vas

Smith

2021

Viruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus similar to HIV that infects horses. Clinical and experimental studies demonstrating immune control of EIAV infection hold promise for efforts to produce an HIV vaccine. Antibody infusions have been shown to block both wild-type and mutant virus infection, but the mutant sometimes escapes. Using these data, we develop a mathematical model that describes the interactions between antibodies and both wild-type and mutant virus populations, in the context of continual virus mutation. The aim of this work is to determine whether repeated vaccinations through antibody infusions can reduce both the wild-type and mutant strains of the virus below one viral particle, and if so, to examine the vaccination period and number of infusions that ensure eradication. The antibody infusions are modelled using impulsive differential equations, a technique that offers insight into repeated vaccination by approximating the time-to-peak by an instantaneous change. We use impulsive theory to determine the maximal vaccination intervals that would be required to reduce the wild-type and mutant virus levels below one particle per horse. We show that seven boosts of the antibody vaccine are sufficient to eradicate both the wild-type and the mutant strains. In the case of a mutant virus infection that is given infusions of antibodies targeting wild-type virus (i.e., simulation of a heterologous infection), seven infusions were likewise sufficient to eradicate infection, based upon the data set. However, if the period between infusions was sufficiently increased, both the wild-type and mutant virus would eventually persist in the form of a periodic orbit. These results suggest a route forward to design antibody-based vaccine strategies to control viruses subject to mutant escape.

show abstract

Serosurveillance for equine infectious anaemia in the Ardahan province of Turkey

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Equine Infectious Anaemia: The Active Surveillance of an Entire Equid Population Reduces the Occurrence of the Infection

Equine Infectious Anaemia: The Active Surveillance of an Entire Equid Population Reduces the Occurrence of the Infection

Key Factors and Parameter Ranges for Immune Control of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Infection

Modelling Mutation in Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Infection Suggests a Path to Viral Clearance with Repeated Vaccination

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About