Serosurveillance of Health Care Workers in a COVID Hospital: Immune Response, and Its Longevity

Mishra, Meenakshi; Chaudhry, Rajan; Rana, Farah; Nag, Deb Sanjay; Rai, Sudhir

doi:10.7759/cureus.14020

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The maximum number of SARS-CoV-2 infected persons (87.9%) had positive IgG antibodies after 2 months of infection; however, it declined to 50% after 4 months which explained short-lived protective immunity and the possibility of reinfection. 40 In contrast to our findings, a study from Italy suggests that reinfections are rare events and patients who have recovered from COVID-19 have a lower risk of reinfection for a year. 41 …”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine (Covaxin) against breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in India

Behera

Singh

Subba

et al. 2022

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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India approved COVID-19 vaccine called Covaxin, developed by the Indian Council of Medical Research and Bharat Biotech Ltd. The primary objective of the study was to estimate the effectiveness of Covaxin in preventing breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers (HCWs). A test-negative matched case-control study was conducted among HCWs of tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. Any HCW who tested positive for COVID-19 using RT-PCR during April and May 2021 was taken as the case. The HCWs who tested negative for COVID-19 by RT-PCR were considered as controls after matching with the date of testing and profession of the cases. Vaccination data were collected from the institution’s vaccine database and recall. In case of discrepancy, it was confirmed from the CoWIN portal (cowin.gov.in). The sample size was 670 participants (335 pairs). Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate the adjusted odds ratio for breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated using the following formula: VE = (1-aOR) × 100%. Sensitivity analysis was done for effectiveness of Covaxin, excluding Covishield vaccination. The mean age of participants was 29.1 years (SD = 7.1), and the majority were males (55.2%). Among the study participants, 60% were completely vaccinated, 18.51% were partially vaccinated, and 21.49% were unvaccinated. After adjusting for age, gender, type of household and past history of COVID-19 disease in conditional logistic models, the vaccine effectiveness was 22% (aOR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.52–1.17; p = .233). Sensitivity analysis with Covaxin showed an effectiveness of 29% (aOR 0.71, 95% CI: 0.47–1.08; p = .114) for preventing breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine (Covaxin) against breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in India

Behera

Singh

Subba

et al. 2022

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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“…A study from Maharashtra found only 1.6% asymptomatic HCWs as RT-PCR positive [ 26 ]. The seropositivity among HCWs detected by the study from eastern India was comparable to our findings [ 27 ]. We found a significantly higher level of seropositivity ( p = 0.005 ) as well as viral carriage ( p = 0.004 ) amongst the HCWs than in non-HCWs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Asymptomatic SARS-COV-2 carriage and sero-positivity in high risk contacts of COVID-19 cases’

Das

Chandra

Dudeja

et al. 2022

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Purpose Identifying asymptomatic SARS-COV-2 carriage is one of the crucial factors in controlling the COVID 19 pandemic. The relationship between the asymptomatic viral carriage and the rate of seroconversion needs better understanding. The present study was conducted to identify the asymptomatic COVID-19 infection and seropositivity in high-risk contacts in the southern district of Delhi, India. Methods Following the screening of 6961 subjects, a total of 407 asymptomatic high-risk subjects were selected. Demographic data, socioeconomic status, and history of COVID-19 related symptoms in the last 4 months were recorded. Blood samples and Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs were collected for the detection of SARS-COV-2 RNA and anti-SARS-COV-2 antibodies. Results 55 asymptomatic high-risk subjects (13.5%) tested positive for SARS-COV-2 infection and among them, 70.9% remained asymptomatic throughout their course of infection. The seropositivity among the subjects was 28.9% (n = 118) and was found significantly higher among lower-middle socioeconomic strata ( p = 0.01 ). The antibody levels were significantly higher ( p = 0.033 ) in individuals with a previous history of COVID-19 like symptoms as compared to the subjects, who had no such history. Asymptomatic healthcare workers showed a significantly increased rate of SARS-COV-2 infection ( p = 0.004 ) and seropositivity ( p = 0.005 ) as compared to the non-healthcare workers. Subjects, who were exposed to infection at their workplace (non-hospital setting) had the least RT-PCR positivity rate ( p = 0.03 ). Conclusions A large proportion of SARS-COV-2 infection remains completely asymptomatic. The rate of asymptomatic carriage and seropositivity is significantly higher in healthcare workers as compared to the general population. The level of SARS-COV-2 antibodies is directly related to the appearance of symptoms. These observations may contribute to redefining COVID 19 screening, infection control, and professional health practice strategies.

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“…63 studies were excluded, resulting in a total of 53 studies (Babu et al, 2020;George et al, 2021;Ghose et al, 2020;Ghosh et al, 2021;Goenka et al, 2020;Ramasamy S, 2021;Gupta et al, 2021;Inbaraj et al, 2021;V. Jain et al, 2021;Jessy et al, 2021;Joshi et al, 2021;Kar et al, 2021;Kerala, 2021; M. S. Khan et al, 2021; S. M. S. Khan et al, 2020;Kshatri, 2021;Kshatri et al, 2021; M. S. Laxmaiah et al, 2021;Madhusudan et al, 2021;Mahto et al, 2021;Makadia et al, 2021;Malani, Ramachandran, et al, 2021;Malani, Shah, et al, 2021;Mishra et al, 2021;Mohanan et al, 2021;M. Murhekar et al, 2020; M. V. M.…”

Section: Selection Of Studiesunclassified

Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in India, March 2020 to August 2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Jahan

Brahma

Kumar

et al. 2022

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Introduction India experienced two waves of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2] and reported second highest caseload globally. Seroepidemiological studies were done to track the course of the pandemic. We systematically reviewed and synthesized seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among Indian population. Methods We included studies reporting seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 from March 1, 2020, to August 11, 2021 and excluded studies done only among COVID-19 patients, and vaccinated individuals. We searched published databases, preprint servers and government documents using a combination of keywords and Medical subheading (MeSH) terms of "Seroprevalence AND SARS-CoV-2 AND India". We assessed risk of bias using the Newcastle Ottawa scale, the Appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies (AXIS), the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool and WHO's statement on the Reporting of Seroepidemiological Studies for SARS-CoV-2 (ROSES-S). We calculated pooled seroprevalence along with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) during the first (March 2020 to February 2021) and second wave (March to August 2021). We also estimated seroprevalence by selected demographic characteristics. Results We identified 3821 studies and included 53 studies with 905,379 participants after excluding duplicates, screening of titles and abstracts and full-text screening. Of the 53, 20 studies were of good quality. Some of the reviewed studies did not report adequate information on study methods [sampling=24% (13/53); laboratory=83% (44/53)]. Studies of ‘poor’ quality had more than one of the following issues: unjustified sample size, non-representative sample, non-classification of non-respondents, results unadjusted for demographics and methods insufficiently explained to enable replication. Overall pooled seroprevalence was 20.7% in the first (95% CI=16.1 to 25.3) and 69.2% (95% CI=64.5 to 73.8) in the second wave. Seroprevalence did not differ by age in first wave, whereas in second, it increased with age. Seroprevalence was slightly higher among females in second wave. In both the waves, the estimate was higher in urban than in rural areas. Conclusion Seroprevalence increased by threefold between the two waves of the pandemic in India. Our review highlights the need for designing and reporting studies using standard protocols.

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Serosurveillance of Health Care Workers in a COVID Hospital: Immune Response, and Its Longevity

Cited by 9 publications

References 25 publications

Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine (Covaxin) against breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in India

Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine (Covaxin) against breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in India

Asymptomatic SARS-COV-2 carriage and sero-positivity in high risk contacts of COVID-19 cases’

Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in India, March 2020 to August 2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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