Serotypes, Pathotypes, Shiga Toxin Variants and Antimicrobial Resistance in Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Rectal Swabs and Sheep Carcasses in an Abattoir in Mexico

Abstract

Sheep represent one of the main reservoirs of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli; this microorganism is an etiological agent of food-borne diseases; therefore, this work aimed to identify and characterize the principal pathotypes of diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) obtained through rectal swabs and carcasses samples from sheep slaughtered in an abattoir at the central region of Mexico. The isolates were subjected to bacteriological identification, serotyping; phylogenetic classification; detection for virulence factors, and antimicrobial sensibility. A total of 90 E. coli isolates were obtained. It was observed through 49 E. coli isolates (54%), 8 of them from carcasses, and 43 from feces was DEC. DEC serotypes with health public relevance were found: O76:H19 (n = 5), O146:H21 (n = 3), O91:H10 (n = 1), O6:NM (n = 1), and O8:NM (n = 1). Regarding the presence of Shiga toxin-producing E.coli (STEC), 43/90 (47.7%) isolates have the stx1 w/o stx2 genes, and therefore were assigned as STEC non-O157; only one isolate expressed stx1 and eae genes and was classified as t-STEC (typical STEC). Additionally, 3/90 (3.3%) harbored only the eae gene and were classified as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), the stp gene was found in 2/90 isolates (2.2%) and were classified as enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC); 1/90 (1.1%) isolates harboring the ipaH were classified as enteroinvasive E. coli EIEC. Regarding stx1 genes subtypes, stx1c only was found in 60.5% (26/43), followed by stx1a-stx1c 20.9% (9/43) and stx1a-stx1d 2.3% (1/43). The presence of both, stx1 and stx2 genes was found in 7/43 isolates (16.3%) from rectal swabs; the combination stx1c-stx2g was detected in 3/43 isolates (6.9%), while 4 (9.4%) isolates showed different patterns (stx1a-stx1c-stx2g; stx1c-stx2b-stx2g; stx1c-stx2b and stx1a-stx1c-stx2b-stx2g). STEC isolates showed the major diversity of phylogenetic groups, although phylogroup B1 was predominant in 90.6% (39/43) while there was only one isolate (2.3%) in each remaining phylogroup (A, B2, C, and F). All EPEC, ETEC, and EIEC isolates were clustered in phylogroup B1. We observed that 27.9% (12/43) of STEC isolates carried at least one antibiotic resistance: nine isolates expressed the tetB gene, one isolate the tetA gene, two isolates the sul2 gene, one isolate the sul1 and one isolate the sul1-tetB genes. These results highlight the importance of diarrheagenic E. coli as a potential risk for public health during the slaughtering process.