“…The SERS spectroscopy has been widely used for analyzing various biosamples, including DNA (Pyrak et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2019a), RNA (Lee et al, 2019;Han et al, 2021), cancer markers (Choi et al, 2020), bacteria (Andrei et al, 2021), viruses (Chen et al, 2020), genes (Vo-Dinh et al, 2002), drugs (Jaworska et al, 2016), pathological markers on cellular membranes and tissues (Wallace and Masson, 2020), other biomolecules, ion concentrations, and redox potential in cells (Jaworska et al, 2021), and even in vivo SERS measurements on mice (Wen et al, 2021). In many cases, the results obtained are at a level of detection not achievable by other analytical methods.…”