Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the risk of cardiovascular disease: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies

Abstract

During the past decade, an increasing number of prospective studies have focused on the association between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the evidence on the relation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and the risk of overt CVD is inconclusive. We performed a dose-response meta-analysis to summarize and prospectively quantify the RR of low serum 25(OH)D concentration and total CVD (events and mortality). We identified relevant studies by searching PubMed and EMBASE up to December 2015 and by hand-searching reference lists. Prospective studies based on the general population and reported RRs and 95% CIs were included. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled RRs. Nonlinear association was assessed by using restricted cubic spline analyses. A total of 34 publications with 180,667 participants were eligible for the meta-analysis. We included 32 publications (27 independent studies) for total CVD events and 17 publications (17 independent studies) for CVD mortality. We observed an inverse association between serum 25(OH)D and total CVD events and CVD mortality, and the pooled RRs per 10-ng/mL increment were 0.90 (95% CI: 0.86, 0.94) for total CVD events and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80, 0.96) for CVD mortality. A nonlinear association was detected for total CVD events (-nonlinear < 0.001) and CVD mortality (-nonlinear = 0.022). Serum 25(OH)D concentration was inversely associated with total CVD events and CVD mortality from the observed studies.

Effect of Vitamin D on Blood Pressure and Hypertension in the General Population: An Update Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials

“…According to the Institute of Medicine (IOM), vitamin D deficiency is defined as circulating 25-hy-droxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) level <50 nmol/L based on the optimal concentration for skeletal health (2). Interest has increased concerning the potential health consequences of vitamin D deficiency, such as increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and Alzheimer's disease (3)(4)(5). Although observational data have demonstrated that poor vitamin D status is associated with increased risk of hypertension (6-9), randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have provided little support for the beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure (10-13).…”

Vitamin D deficiency and anemia is highly prevalent and dependent on the etiology of heart failure: A pilot study

“…In the study performed in northern Poland on 448 adults from February to mid-April, the mean 25(OH)D level was 14 ± 7 ng/mL years and 84% had a concentration of less than 20 ng/mL (< 50 nmol/L) [27]. Similar data came from a study on 274 elderly (mean age 69 years) postmenopausal women living in Warsaw [28] [30][31][32]. Zhang et al [33].…”

The Biphasic Effect of Vitamin D on the Musculoskeletal and Cardiovascular System

“…Compared to participants with adequate 25OHD concentrations (75 to 99.99 nmol/L), the adjusted hazard ratios (with 95% Cl) for CVD mortality in the 25OHD groups with 40 to 49.99, 30 to 39.99, and <30 nmol/L were 1.65 (1.1.39–1.97), 1.61 (1.46–1.77), and 2.21 (1.50–3.26), respectively. In line with these findings, a 2017 meta-analysis of 34 cohort studies with more than 180,000 participants [ 58 ] reported a progressive increase of total CVD events at circulating 25OHD levels < 50 nmol/L but no association of 25OHD with CVD events at levels between 50 and 137 nmol/L. With respect to CVD mortality, the risk increased constantly at circulating 25OHD levels < 100 nmol/L [ 58 ].…”

“…In line with these findings, a 2017 meta-analysis of 34 cohort studies with more than 180,000 participants [ 58 ] reported a progressive increase of total CVD events at circulating 25OHD levels < 50 nmol/L but no association of 25OHD with CVD events at levels between 50 and 137 nmol/L. With respect to CVD mortality, the risk increased constantly at circulating 25OHD levels < 100 nmol/L [ 58 ].…”