Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis

Munger, Kassandra L.; Levin, Lynn I.; Hollis, Bruce W.; Howard, Noel S.; Ascherio, Alberto

doi:10.1001/jama.296.23.2832

Cited by 1,665 publications

(1,202 citation statements)

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“…In vitro, calcitriol-stimulated dendritic cells can promote the development of Treg cells [10] and calcitriol directly enhances expression of IL-10 by Th cells [11]. Acquired vitamin D deficiency has been correlated to increased prevalence and severity of inflammatory immune-mediated diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis [2,36], multiple sclerosis [37,38], but also is discussed in context with allergic asthma [4] and atopic dermatitis [5,39]. Furthermore, VDR haplotypes with putatively reduced effector function correlate with increased incidence of multiple sclerosis [40] and allergic asthma [41,42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D₃ promotes IL‐10 production in human B cells

et al. 2008

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D₃ promotes IL‐10 production in human B cells

et al. 2008

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“…For instance, the worldwide distribution of reduced UVB radiation mirrors that of MS prevalence 110,111 and MS patients have significantly low circulating vitamin D levels during their adolescence compared with healthy controls. 112 Similarly, associations between vitamin D deficiency and TB susceptibility were described over 20 years ago 113 and there is a good correlation between active disease and low vitamin D levels in TB. 114 Vitamin D acts in the body through binding to its receptor.…”

Section: Environmental Factors In Mhc Class II Gene Regulationmentioning

confidence: 93%

Regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II gene expression, genetic variation and disease

et al. 2009

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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules are central to adaptive immune responses and maintenance of selftolerance. Since the early 1970s, the MHC class II region at chromosome 6p21 has been shown to be associated with a remarkable number of autoimmune, inflammatory and infectious diseases. Given that a full explanation for most MHC class II disease associations has not been reached through analysis of structural variation alone, in this review we examine the role of genetic variation in modulating gene expression. We describe the intricate architecture of the MHC class II regulatory system, indicating how its unique characteristics may relate to observed associations with disease. There is evidence that haplotypespecific variation involving proximal promoter sequences can alter the level of gene expression, potentially modifying the emergence and expression of key phenotypic traits. Although much emphasis has been placed on cis-regulatory elements, we also examine the role of more distant enhancer elements together with the evidence of dynamic inter-and intra-chromosomal interactions and epigenetic processes. The role of genetic variation in such mechanisms may hold profound implications for susceptibility to common disease.

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“…In particular, autoimmune diseases seem to be extremely sensitive to the availability of vitamin D (21). Until now, there is only one study which has directly analyzed the risk of MS based on the serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D before MS occurred (22). It was prospective, case-control study among more than 7 million US military personnel, from which they recognized 257 patients with MS.…”

Section: Diet As a Cause Of Msmentioning

confidence: 99%