Serum alpha-fetoprotein, albumin, and gamma-G-globulin in the human conceptus.

Gitlin, David; Boesman, Mary

doi:10.1172/jci105486

Cited by 407 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…This discrepancy could be explained if the reference standard used by Sell contained some impurities. Our goat anti-rat AFP, which was produced against purified 'slow' AFP, cross-reacts with both forms of AFP, confirming the suggestion that the two forms of AFP possess similar antigenic properties (Kerckaert et al, 1975 Although in the present study in the rat peak levels of AFP in fetal plasma, amniotic fluid and maternal serum were reached at the same stage of gestation, in women the highest level of fetal serum and amniotic fluid AFP are reached early in the second trimester of gestation (Gitlin & Boesman, 1966 ;Rändle & Cumberbatch, 1973), whilst maternal plasma AFP reaches a peak in the middle of the third trimester (Leek, Ruoss, Kitau & Chard, 1975).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Rat alpha-fetoprotein: isolation, radioimmunoassay and fetal-maternal distribution during pregnancy

Lai¹,

Forrester²,

Hancock³

et al. 1976

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Summary. A method is described for the isolation of mg quantities of two forms of rat alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) from amniotic fluid by preparative disc-gel column electrophoresis using a continuous elution system. AFP isolated by this method is suitable for use as an antigen, can be labelled for use in a radioimmunoassay and serves as a reference standard. The characteristics of a new antiserum to AFP are also described.The protocol for a radioimmunoassay is outlined which permits the measurement of AFP in several fetal\p=n-\maternalphysiological compartments throughout gestation. Levels of AFP in fetal liver and fetal plasma suggest that secretion of AFP from liver occurs soon after synthesis with minimal hepatic storage. The pattern for AFP in maternal serum parallels that observed in amniotic fluid and fluctuations in maternal serum levels of AFP appear to be buffered by AFP accumulation in amniotic fluid. Fetal clearance of AFP under normal conditions may be relatively constant from Days 11\p=n-\20of gestation since an amniotic fluid : maternal serum AFP ratio of 30:1 is maintained during this period.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Rat alpha-fetoprotein: isolation, radioimmunoassay and fetal-maternal distribution during pregnancy

Lai¹,

Forrester²,

Hancock³

et al. 1976

Reproduction

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“…It is synthesized by developing liver beginning at 6 weeks of gestation but the synthesis will cease at or near birth, and then the concentration will decline to a low level (less than 10ng/ml). In adults, under normal conditions, serum AFP concentration is below 20 ng/ml (Gitlin et al, 1966;Debruyne et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinctions Between Clinicopathological Factors and Prognosis of Alpha-fetoprotein Negative and Positive Hepatocelluar Carcinoma Patients

Xu¹,

Liu²,

Zhou³

et al. 2012

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a significant marker for clinical diagnosis and prognosis evaluation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, some proportion of liver cancer patients are AFP-negative (AFP ≤20ng/ml). In order to study the differences between clinicopathological factors and prognosis of alphafetoprotein negative and positive patients, a total of 114 cases (41 AFP-negative and 73 AFP-positive) were selected for our research. By systematically statistical analysis, the results demonstrated that compared with AFPnegative patients, AFP-positive examples were more likely to feature cirrhosis nodules, non-complete neoplasm capsules, and a poor Edmondson-steiner grade. Furthermore, AFP-negative patients demonstrated a favorable long-term prognosis. By univariate analysis and multivariate analysis with Cox's proportional hazards model, multiple tumors were found to be independent risk factors for worse survival of AFP negative patients; however, less tumor-free margins, multiple tumors and Edmondson-steiner grades Ⅲ/Ⅳ, proved to be independent risk factors leading to a poor prognosis of AFP positive cases. Finally, we can infer that high levels of AFP signify a highly malignant tumor and unfavorable prognosis.

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“…During the 12 th -14 th intrauterine weeks the serum concentration of AFP is at its highest, reaching a few milligrams per ml [7]. However, the total amount of AFP in the fetus increases until the 22 nd week of gestation, remaining constant until about the 32 nd week, and thereafter decreasing [7]. In the newborn at term, the serum AFP concentration is 50-ISO^g per ml [19].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Alpha fetoprotein: Physiology and pathology during pregnancy and application to antenatal diagnosis

Seppälä¹,

Ruoslahti²

1973

Journal of Perinatal Medicine

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Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is synthesized by the x human fetal liver and yolk sac [8,9]. During the 12 th -14 th intrauterine weeks the serum concentration of AFP is at its highest, reaching a few milligrams per ml [7]. However, the total amount of AFP in the fetus increases until the 22 nd week of gestation, remaining constant until about the 32 nd week, and thereafter decreasing [7]. In the newborn at term, the serum AFP concentration is 50-ISO^g per ml [19]. AFP remains detectable by immunodiffusion or related methods for about 5 weeks after birth [24]. Greatly increased serum AFP levels cften reappear in adults with primary hepatocellular cancer [25] or teratocarcinomas [1]. Until recently, the occurrence of AFP in maternal serum had been contested [3]. We purified immunochemically human AFP [14] and developed a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for its determination [15]. It became evident thät small amounts (2-16 ng per ml) of AFP are present in normal human serum [15,16]. This finding has now been confirmed by other groups [6,13]. AFP levels in maternal serum increase during pregnancy and the highest AFP concentrations occur during the third trimester. The half life of maternal serum AFP after delivery is about 5 days [19]. In amniotic fluid, the AFP concentrations decrease from the 15 th week of gestation, and at term the concentrations are similar to those in maternal serum [19,21]. Recently, we found that the maternal serum AFP concentration often increases in asso- 1963-1965. Resident at Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology., University Central Hospital, Helsinki 1966-1969. Senior lecturer in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1970. Assistant professor at Dept. II of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Head: Professor PAAVO VARAJ, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, 1970.'* ciation with fetal death [20], and that this increase may occur even before the fetal death [23]. In the present paper we describe results on the AFP concentrations in normal and pathological pregnancies, and evaluate the clinical significance of the serum AFP levels in the antenatal diagnosis of high risk pregnancies.1. Materials 1.1 Serum samples from pregnant women Sera from 204 pregnant women between the 8 th and the 42 nd week of gestation were studied for the normal ränge. The following types of high risk pregnancies were investigated: 67 sera from 20 diabetic women, 116 specimens from 74 pregnant women with toxemia or hypertension, and 48 samples from 27 pregnant women with a liver disorder. Intrauterine fetal death occurred in 22 patients.

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Serum alpha-fetoprotein, albumin, and gamma-G-globulin in the human conceptus.

Cited by 407 publications

References 25 publications

Rat alpha-fetoprotein: isolation, radioimmunoassay and fetal-maternal distribution during pregnancy

Rat alpha-fetoprotein: isolation, radioimmunoassay and fetal-maternal distribution during pregnancy

Distinctions Between Clinicopathological Factors and Prognosis of Alpha-fetoprotein Negative and Positive Hepatocelluar Carcinoma Patients

Alpha fetoprotein: Physiology and pathology during pregnancy and application to antenatal diagnosis

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