Serum and bile biomarkers for cholangiocarcinoma

Abstract

The serum levels of interleukin 6, trypsinogen, mucin-5AC, soluble fragment of cytokeratin 19 and the platelet-lymphocyte ratio have been recently shown to help in the diagnosis of CCA with, in some cases, a prognostic value. As far as bile is concerned, the ratio of pancreatic elastase/amylase, mucin-4, minichromosome maintenance replication protein and insulin-like growth factor 1 have been explored, with the insulin-like growth factor 1 biliary concentration capable of completely discriminating CCA from benign biliary disorders and pancreatic cancer. We have also discussed advances in the proteomic of serum and bile, which seem promising in identifying new markers for CCA.

Preoperative Diagnosis of Lymph Node Metastasis in Biliary and Pancreatic Carcinomas: Evaluation of the Combination of Multi-detector CT and Serum CA19-9 Level

“…In the present study, the correlation between node metastasis and CA19-9 was more significant compared to T category, although the routinely but its sensitivity and PLR were lower than those of CA19-9 level (17-28% and <1.5, respectively). The diagnostic accuracy of other tumor markers have been reported recently [28,29] and the most useful marker for the diagnosis of node metastasis need to be established. Improvement of diagnosis of lymph node metastasis should lead to changes in tumor management.…”

Cholangiocarcinoma: current knowledge and future perspectives consensus statement from the European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma (ENS-CCA)

“…Correction of CA19-9 serum levels for fucosyltransferase (FUT)2 and FUT3 genotype has been proposed to improve sensitivity in patients with CCA and PSC, as individuals lacking FUT3 activity are unable to express the CA19-9 epitope 225 . A number of biomarkers in serum (trypsinogen-2, serum IL-6, MUC5AC, trypsinogen-2, CYFRA21-1, progranulin), urine (volatile organic compounds, proteomic profiles) and bile (IGF1, microRNA-laden vesicles, proteomic profile, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive mucin 1, molecular profiling on cell-free DNA of bile supernatant) have been proposed, but none have reached clinical application 83,[226][227][228][229][230] . In summary, diagnosis of CCA still requires a combination of clinical, radiological and nonspecific histological and/or biochemical markers.…”

Identification of Cellular Targets in Human Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Using Laser Microdissection and Accurate Mass and Time Tag Proteomics

“…As a consequence, considerable efforts have been made to identify reliable markers to enable the early detection of biliary cancers and provide new insights into the pathogenesis of this deadly disease (6). Recent studies have focused on the cytokines and growth factors (7,8) produced by CCA cells as well as on the proteomics analysis of serum and bile (9,10). Follow-up studies are ongoing to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the markers that have emerged from these investigations.…”