Serum Antioxidant Concentrations and Metabolic Syndrome Are Associated among U.S. Adolescents in Recent National Surveys

Beydoun, May A.; Canas, Jose A; Beydoun, Hind A.; Chen, Xiaoli; Shroff, Monal R.; Zonderman, Alan B.

doi:10.3945/jn.112.160416

Cited by 78 publications

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“…Changes in oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) levels were inversely correlated with plasma lutein [7] , and an increase in BMI among the population was significantly associated with low levels of serum lutein [8] . Insulin resistance was also found to be inversely related to serum lutein levels [9][10][11] . To date, there have been very few reports regarding the mechanism and effects of lutein on NAFLD, or on the risk factors of NAFLD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Ameliorative effects of lutein on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats

Qiu¹,

Gao²,

Xiang³

et al. 2015

WJG

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Ameliorative effects of lutein on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats

Qiu¹,

Gao²,

Xiang³

et al. 2015

WJG

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“…Only one of these studies assessed dietary intake (4) , and all the other studies used blood levels of lutein. In addition, the only study in adolescents that assessed lutein intake in relation to cardiometabolic health used blood levels of lutein, and observed that higher lutein levels were associated with a lower metabolic syndrome score (11) . As compared with the use of dietary intake levels, the use of blood levels of lutein might provide a more direct measurement of how much lutein is available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To our knowledge, only one article has been published so far that related lutein to cardiometabolic health in children (11) . In this cross-sectional study among 1339 US adolescents, lutein levels were not significantly associated with metabolic syndrome diagnosis, but higher level of lutein was significantly inversely associated with a continuous score of a number of metabolic syndrome components.…”

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confidence: 99%

Lutein intake at the age of 1 year and cardiometabolic health at the age of 6 years: the Generation R Study

et al. 2015

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Lutein is a carotenoid with strong antioxidant properties. Previous studies in adults suggest a beneficial role of lutein on cardiometabolic health. However, it is unknown whether this relation also exists in children; therefore, we aimed to assess the relation between lutein intake at 13 months of age and cardiometabolic outcomes at the age of 6 years. We included 2044 Dutch children participating in a population-based prospective cohort study. Diet was measured at 13 months of age with an FFQ. Lutein intake was standardised for energy and β-carotene intake. Blood pressure, anthropometrics, serum lipids and insulin were measured at the age of 6 years. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was performed to measure total and regional fat and lean mass. A continuous cardiometabolic risk factor score was created, including the components body fat percentage, blood pressure, insulin, HDL-cholesterol and TAG. Age-and sex-specific standard deviation scores were created for all outcomes. Multivariable linear regression was performed, including socio-demographic and lifestyle variables. Median (energy-standardised) lutein intake was 1317 mcg/d (95 % range 87, 6069 mcg/d). There were no consistent associations between lutein intake at 13 months and anthropometrics and body composition measures at 6 years of age. In addition, lutein intake was not associated with a continuous cardiometabolic risk factor score, nor was it associated with any of the individual components of the cardiometabolic risk factor score. Results from this large population-based prospective cohort study do not support the hypothesis that lutein intake early in life has a beneficial role for later cardiometabolic health.Key words: Carotenoids: Lutein: Body composition: Cardiometabolic health: Epidemiology: Children Lutein is a non-provitamin A carotenoid that is present in many commonly consumed fruits and vegetables (1) . Due to ingestion of these foods by animals, lutein is also present in animal products such as eggs and dairy products. As an antioxidant, lutein has the potential to protect against oxidative stress by quenching lipid peroxide radicals, and could therefore protect an individual from CVD and metabolic diseases (1) .Previous literature has shown associations between higher lutein intake or blood levels and a decreased risk of metabolic syndrome (2)(3)(4)(5)(6) . In particular, lutein has been shown to be inversely related to waist circumference (6,7) and BMI (5,7) . Nevertheless, reverse causation could apply as lutein is fatsoluble, and thus adiposity might lead to lower levels of lutein due to lutein absorption by fat tissue. However, a causal relation might also be possible, because lutein has been linked to adipocyte differentiation, and through this mechanism lutein might reduce abdominal adiposity (8) .Bioavailability of lutein depends on many other dietary factors, such as the presence of dietary fibre (which inhibits lutein uptake) (9) and the presence of dietary fat (which increases lutein uptake) (10) . Dietary factors mi...

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“…The Panel is aware of other studies which looked at possible associations between preformed vitamin A intake or blood retinol concentration and adverse health outcomes (Grotto et al, 2003;Bjelakovic et al, 2008;Chen et al, 2008;Mayo-Wilson et al, 2011;Beydoun et al, 2012;Bjelakovic et al, 2012;Bjelakovic et al, 2013;Field et al, 2013;Bjelakovic et al, 2014). Available data on individual outcomes are limited or relate to interventions that used large doses of retinol (≥ 6 000 µg) once or several times a year, which are difficult to relate to a potential effect of daily dietary intake of retinol.…”

Section: Excessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for vitamin A

Products¹

2015

EFSA Journal

130

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Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies derived Dietary Reference Values for vitamin A. The Panel considered that a concentration of 20 µg retinol/g liver can be used as a target for establishing the Average Requirement (AR) for vitamin A. In the absence of a better characterisation of the relationship between vitamin A intake and liver stores, a factorial approach was applied. This approach considered a total body/liver retinol store ratio of 1.25, a liver/body weight ratio of 2.4 %, a fractional catabolic rate of body retinol of 0.7 % per day, an efficiency of storage in the whole body for ingested retinol of 50 % and reference weights for women and men in the EU of 58.5 and 68.1 kg, respectively. ARs of 570 µg retinol equivalent (RE)/day for men and 490 µg RE/day for women were derived. Assuming a coefficient of variation (CV) of 15 %, Population Reference Intakes (PRIs) of 750 µg RE/day for men and 650 µg RE/day for women were set. For infants aged 7-11 months and children, the same equation as for adults was applied by using specific values for reference weight and liver/body weight ratio. For catabolic rate, the adult value corrected on the basis of a growth factor was used. ARs range from 190 µg RE/day in infants aged 7-11 months to 580 µg RE/day in boys aged 15-17 years. PRIs for infants and children were estimated using a CV of 15 % and range from 250 to 750 µg RE/day. For pregnancy and lactation, additional vitamin A requirements related to the accumulation of retinol in fetal and maternal tissues and transfer of retinol into breast milk were considered and PRIs of 700 and 1 300 µg RE/day, respectively, were set. Vitamin A is involved in vision as retinal, which plays a central role in the mechanisms of phototransduction, and in the systemic maintenance of the growth and integrity of cells in body tissues through the action of retinoic acid, which acts as regulator of genomic expression. The most specific clinical consequence of vitamin A deficiency is xerophthalmia, which encompasses a clinical spectrum of ocular manifestations. In low-income countries, vitamin A deficiency in young infants and children has been associated with increased infectious morbidity and mortality, including respiratory infection and diarrhoea. © EuropeanPreformed vitamin A is efficiently absorbed (70-90 %). The absorption of β-carotene appears to be highly variable (5-65 %), depending on food-and diet-related factors, genetic characteristics and the health status of the subject. The intestine is the primary tissue where dietary provitamin A carotenoids are converted to retinol. Retinol, in the form of retinyl esters, and provitamin A carotenoids enter the body as a component of nascent chylomicrons secreted into the lymphatic system. Most dietary retinol (in chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants) is taken up by the liver, which is the major site of retinol metabolism and storage. Hepatic retinyl esters are hydrolysed to free retinol, and delivered to ti...

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Serum Antioxidant Concentrations and Metabolic Syndrome Are Associated among U.S. Adolescents in Recent National Surveys

Cited by 78 publications

References 104 publications

Ameliorative effects of lutein on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats

Ameliorative effects of lutein on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats

Lutein intake at the age of 1 year and cardiometabolic health at the age of 6 years: the Generation R Study

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for vitamin A

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