Serum concentrations of selected endogenous estrogen and estrogen metabolites in pre- and post-menopausal Chinese women with osteoarthritis

Gao, Wanling; Zeng, Chun; Cai, Daozhang; Liu, B.; Li, Y.; Wen, Xing; Chen, Y.

doi:10.1007/bf03346664

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Serum concentrations of free and total estradiol, as well as of estrogen metabolites such as 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OH-E1), 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OH-E2) and 16α-hydroxyestrone, have been shown to be involved in female OA [39] (Figure 1). Gao and colleagues [39] showed that free and total estradiol are reduced, but the total 2-OH-E2 level was increased, in postmenopausal women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Articular cartilage chondrocytes express aromatase and use enzymes involved in estrogen metabolism

et al. 2014

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IntroductionSex hormones, especially estrogens, have been implicated in articular cartilage metabolism and the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoarthritis. The conversion by aromatase (CYP19A1) of androstenedione into estrone (E1) and of testosterone into 17β-estradiol (E2) plays a key role in the endogenous synthesis of estrogens in tissue.MethodsWe analyzed the expression of aromatase (CYP19A1) in immortalized C-28/I2 and T/C-28a2 chondrocytes, as well as in cultured primary human articular chondrocytes and human articular cartilage tissue, by means of RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. By means of quantitative RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we also determined whether the aromatase inhibitor letrozole influences estrogen metabolism of cultured chondrocytes in immortalized C-28/I2 chondrocytes.ResultsAromatase mRNA was detected in both immortalized chondrocyte cell lines, in cultured primary human chondrocytes, and in human articular cartilage tissue. By means of Western blot analysis, aromatase was detected at the protein level in articular cartilage taken from various patients of both sexes and different ages. Cultured primary human articular chondrocytes, C-28/I2 and T/C-28a2, and human articular cartilage tissue reacted with antibodies for aromatase. Incubation of C-28/I2 chondrocytes with 10−11 M to 10−7 M letrozole as an aromatase inhibitor revealed significantly increased amounts of the mRNAs of the enzyme cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1), which is involved in the catagen estrogen metabolism, and of the estrogen receptors ER-α and ER-β. Concomitantly, synthesis of estrone (E1) was significantly downregulated after incubation with letrozole.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that human articular cartilage expresses aromatase at the mRNA and protein levels. Blocking of estrone synthesis by the aromatase inhibitor letrozole is counteracted by an increase in ER-α and ER-β. In addition, CYP1A1, an enzyme involved in catabolic estrogen metabolism, is upregulated. This suggests that articular chondrocytes use ERs functionally. The role of endogenous synthesized estrogens in articular cartilage health remains to be elucidated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gao and colleagues [39] showed that free and total estradiol are reduced, but the total 2-OH-E2 level was increased, in postmenopausal women. In addition, it should be noted that total 2-OH-E1 concentration is positively correlated with the total estradiol level in premenopausal women with OA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Articular cartilage chondrocytes express aromatase and use enzymes involved in estrogen metabolism

et al. 2014

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“…Estrogen replacement therapy has been investigated to verify its anabolic and anti-catabolic effects in both ovariectomized animal models prior to clinical trials 12,13) and in menopausal patients with OA. 14,15) Although estrogen replacement therapy in both animal models and human studies reduced the incidence and prevalence of OA, it has also had undesirable side effects such as headache, fluid retention, weight gain, swollen breasts, increased risk of breast or uterine cancer, and heart failure. 16,17) Therefore, to overcome the side effects of estrogen therapy, safer estrogen analogues with similar physiological functions are needed for clinical treatment of OA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Effects of the Herbal Plant-Derived Phytoestrogen Bavachin in Primary Rat Chondrocytes

Lee

Cho

Kang

et al. 2015

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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The aim of this study was to examine the anabolic and anticatabolic functions of bavachin in primary rat chondrocytes. With bavachin treatment, chondrocytes survived for 21 d without cell proliferation, and the proteoglycan content and extracellular matrix increased. Short-term monolayer culture of chondrocytes showed that gene induction of both aggrecan and collagen type II, major extracellular matrix components, was significantly upregulated by bavachin. The expression and activities of cartilage-degrading enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs were inhibited significantly by bavachin, while tissue inhibitors of metalloprotease were significantly upregulated. Bavachin inhibits the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, a representative catabolic factor, and downregulated the expression of nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase-2, and prostaglandin E 2 in a dose-dependent manner in chondrocytes. Our results suggest that the bavachin has anabolic and potent anticatabolic biological effects on chondrocytes, which may have considerable promise in treating articular cartilage degeneration in the future.Key words Osteoarthritis (OA); articular cartilage; chondrocyte; phytoestrogen; bavachin Osteoarthritis (OA) is a representative degenerative disease associated with aging and is the most common type of arthritis.1) The clinical symptoms of OA are defined as chronic joint pain, stiffness, and loss of mechanical joint function caused by progressive cartilage degeneration.2) Moreover, the prevalence of OA is largely age-dependent and is increased significantly in people over age 65.1) Although the prevalence of OA is less in those under 40, prevalence is increasing in these populations because of obesity, individual heredity, mechanical injuries, and surgical trauma of joints.1) The socioeconomic burden associated with OA is increased by both direct medical expenses and indirect costs caused by decreased productivity in the workplace.2) Although various studies on the pathophysiological etiologies of OA are ongoing, many of the factors causing this disease are still unknown. Hence, clinical treatments of OA have been mainly focused on relieving chronic joint pain by suppressing inflammation in the degenerative joint more so than on cartilage regeneration.Homeostasis of articular cartilage is precisely regulated by the balance between synthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is mainly composed of collagen Type II and proteoglycan synthesized from chondrocytes to maintain mechanical function in response to a compressive overload on joints.3) However, perturbations in chondrocytes with normal metabolic properties induce the progressive destruction of ECM through the up-regulation of cartilage-degrading enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, MMP-3, MMP-1, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4 and ADAMTS-5.3) Recent research has focused on cartilage regenerati...

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“…2-hydroxyestradiol was significantly increased in post-menopausal women. The authors reported that apart from free and total estradiol deficiency, decreased serum level of total 2-hydroxyestrone in premenopausal women and increased total 2-hydroxyestradiol level in post-menopausal women with OA may correlate with pathogenesis of OA 100,101 .…”

Section: Osteoarthritismentioning

confidence: 99%

Menopause and Rheumatic Disease

Talsania

Scofield

2017

Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America

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Abstract/Synopsis Menopause occurs naturally in women at about age 50. There is a wealth of data concerning the relationship of menopause to systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, while there are limited data concerning other rheumatic diseases. Age at menopause may affect the risk and course of rheumatic diseases. Osteoporosis, an integral part of inflammatory rheumatic diseases, is made worse by menopause. Hormone replacement therapy has been studied and its effects are varied depending upon the disease and even different manifestations within the same disease. Cyclophosphamide can induce early menopause but there is underlying decreased ovarian reserve in rheumatic diseases.

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Serum concentrations of selected endogenous estrogen and estrogen metabolites in pre- and post-menopausal Chinese women with osteoarthritis

Cited by 23 publications

References 37 publications

Articular cartilage chondrocytes express aromatase and use enzymes involved in estrogen metabolism

Articular cartilage chondrocytes express aromatase and use enzymes involved in estrogen metabolism

Biological Effects of the Herbal Plant-Derived Phytoestrogen Bavachin in Primary Rat Chondrocytes

Menopause and Rheumatic Disease

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