Serum Cotinine Levels in Pregnant Nonsmokers in Relation to Birthweight

Haddow, J E; Knight, George J.; Palomaki, Glenn E.; McCarthy, Jane; Foss, Karen

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb21043.x

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In agreement with some other studies (13,(25)(26)(27), we observed a significant relationship between ETS exposure and the BW of infants whose mothers declared themselves to be nonsmoking mothers. The mean adjusted BW decrement in ETSexposed mothers was 53 g (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

The exposure of nonsmoking and smoking mothers to environmental tobacco smoke during different gestational phases and fetal growth.

Dejmek

Podrazilova

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

121

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We studied the impact of maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on birth weight (BW), low birth weight (LBW), and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) according to self-reported maternal smoking habits in a sample of 6,866 singleton births. We obtained data about parental characteristics and maternal active smoking (AS) and passive smoking at delivery via maternal questionnaires and medical records. We used three categories of smoking habits (nonsmokers and those who smoked 1-10 or >10 cigarettes per day) and defined ETS exposure as greater than or equal to 5 cigarettes per day smoked by others in the mother's presence. We used multiple regression and logistic regression procedures with adjustment for many associated covariates. We observed a significant reduction of the mean BW in infants of AS mothers. This reduction was only marginal for mothers who stopped smoking after recognizing their pregnancy. ETS exposure in 1,797 of 5,507 nonsmoking mothers reduced the mean BW of their infants by 53 g [95% confidence interval (CI), 24-82 g]. ETS exposure also significantly reduced BW in babies of AS mothers by 92 g (CI, 21-113 g) compared with BW of ETS-nonexposed AS mothers. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of LBW for ETS-exposed AS mothers was two times the LBW risk of ETS-nonexposed AS mothers(2.02; CI, 1.11-3.67); the AOR of ETS-exposed nonsmoking mothers was 1.51 (CI, 1.02-2.26). The AOR of IUGR for this group did not differ from unity (1.08; CI, 0.82-1.43). However, ETS exposure increased the AOR of IUGR for AS mothers from 1.64 (CI, 1.06-2.53) to 2.13 (CI, 1.70-2.67). ETS exposure reduced the BW of infants of nonsmoking mothers and contributed to additional BW reduction in infants of AS mothers. ETS exposure increased the risk of LBW but not that of IUGR in babies of nonsmoking mothers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

The exposure of nonsmoking and smoking mothers to environmental tobacco smoke during different gestational phases and fetal growth.

Dejmek

Podrazilova

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

121

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“…Nonsmokers with cotinine levels between 0.5 ng/mL (Haddow et al's'5 detection limit) and 2 ng/mL would have been misclassified as nonexposed in our study and thus could have biased our results toward the null. However, given that Haddow et al 15 reported that birthweights were similar for infants of mothers with cotinine levels between 0.5 and 1.0 ng/mL and for infants of mothers with cotinine levels below 0.5 ng/mL, our higher limit of detection is unlikely to have affected our results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…First, subjects were categorized (as described) into nonsmokers, passive smokers, and smokers (based on tertiles), and the differences in mean birthweight between these groups were assessed. These analyses were compared with those of Haddow et al 15 Second, cotinine was measured as a continuous variable, and its effect on birthweight was examined in those subjects who had detectable cotinine levels (>2ng/mL).…”

Section: Cotinineanalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive and active maternal smoking as measured by serum cotinine: the effect on birthweight.

Eskenazi¹,

Prehn²,

Christianson³

1995

Am J Public Health

147

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To determine how maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke affects birthweight, maternal sera obtained from 3529 pregnant women around 27 weeks gestation were analyzed for cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine. Based on cotinine levels, nonsmokers were divided into those exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (2-10 ng/mL) and those unexposed (< 2 ng/mL), and smokers were divided into tertiles. Compared with unexposed nonsmokers' infants, infants of exposed nonsmokers averaged 45 g less (P = .28) after adjustment for confounders, and smokers' infants averaged 78, 191, and 233 g less for the first, second, and third cotinine tertiles, respectively. Birthweight decreased 1 g for every nanogram per milliliter of cotinine increase (P < .001).

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“…The few studies which based exposure assessment on measurement of a biomarker all found moderate weight decrements ( Table 3). 27 , 33 , 34 The earliest of these showed a 104 g weight deficit in infants of women with serum cotinine levels of 1–10 ng/mL 27 . This study adjusted for some covariates, but not gestational age or alcohol consumption.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Evidence for an association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and birthweight: a meta‐analysis and new data

Windham

Eaton

Hopkins

1999

Paediatric Perinatal Epid

206

159

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Because of the strong association of active smoking with fetal growth retardation, increasing interest has focused on whether there is also an association with exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). We examined this issue in a retrospective study and by conducting a review of the literature and data pooling. In our study, nonsmoking women with singleton livebirths born in 1986-87 (n = 992) provided information on exposure to ETS for 1 h or more per day and paternal smoking. The risk of low birthweight (LBW, < 2500 g) was not increased in infants of ETS-exposed women, but there was a somewhat increased risk for LBW at term (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.6, 4.8) and small-for-gestational-age (< 10th percentile of weight; OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.8, 2.5). These results were in the range of 16 other studies in the literature that had odds ratios from 1.0 to 2.2. A weighted average of the results of all studies on LBW at term or small-for-gestational-age yielded a pooled estimate of 1.2 [95% CI = 1.1, 1.3] in nonsmoking women. The pooled estimate of mean birthweight indicated a decrement of 28 g with ETS exposure of nonsmoking women [95% CI = -41, -16], with a greater decrement (about 40 g) seen among more homogeneous studies.

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Serum Cotinine Levels in Pregnant Nonsmokers in Relation to Birthweight

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

The exposure of nonsmoking and smoking mothers to environmental tobacco smoke during different gestational phases and fetal growth.

The exposure of nonsmoking and smoking mothers to environmental tobacco smoke during different gestational phases and fetal growth.

Passive and active maternal smoking as measured by serum cotinine: the effect on birthweight.

Evidence for an association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and birthweight: a meta‐analysis and new data

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