Serum Elastase and Alpha-1-antitrypsin Levels in Patients with Ruptured and Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms

The clinical significance and reliability of self-reported smoking status in patients with intracranial aneurysms: A review

“…Tobacco smoking is associated with an imbalance in the elastase/␣1-antitrypsin ratio, leading to increased elastase activity [32]. This may contribute to the destruction of the internal elastic lamina.…”

Reference distributions for the positive acute phase proteins, ?1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid), ?1-antitrypsin, and haptoglobin: A comparison of a large cohort to the world?s literature

“…A total of 27 publications were identified that contained information on α 1 -antitrypsin in apparently healthy individuals (4)(5)(6)8,11,13,17,18,(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)45,49,(51)(52)(53)56,63). Four studies did not include adequate data on a reference material or an assay methodology (8,18,39,49).…”

“…One study did not include information on the age of the study subjects (17), and one had multiple reasons for exclusion (38). The remaining 21 studies (4)(5)(6)11,13,(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)37,40,41,45,(51)(52)(53)56,63) provided acceptable central estimates. Of these, 17 provided acceptable reference ranges (5,6,11,(20)(21)(22)(24)(25)(26)37,40,41,45,51,52,56,63).…”

“…Of the 30 studies included in these analyses, 11 (11,13,22,26,37,41,45,52,53,56,63) did not provide racial or ethnic information, 16 were mainly Caucasian (4)(5)(6)14,21,(23)(24)(25)(30)(31)(32)36,40,51,57,58), one consisted mainly of black Africans (48), and two consisted of Asians (19,20). There was insufficient data to determine whether racial or ethnic differences exist.…”

Search for Biomarkers of Intracranial Aneurysms: A Systematic Review

“…Although the International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms (ISUIA) and the Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysm Study of Japan (UCAS Japan) show the overall risk of IA rupture is small (1, 13) (~ < 1% risk annually and ~ 10% prevalence compared to unruptured aneurysms), rupture results in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which is associated with a high mortality rate (25-50%) (3,7,9,19,23,27,29,33). Moreover, 40-60% of survivors suffer severe disability (2,3,8,9,15,16,19,23,24,29,31). Importantly, if IAs are diagnosed and surgically treated before rupture, mortality and morbidity rates decrease drastically to as low as 0-2.5% (2,15,31).…”