Serum glutathione peroxidase, xanthine oxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities and malondialdehyde levels in patients with Parkinson’s disease

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Oxidative stress has been hypothesized to play a major role in the development of PD in various studies. This study assessed to investigate oxidative and anti-oxidative status in PD patients. We evaluated oxidant/antioxidant status by measuring serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, xanthine oxidase (XO) activities, and activities of antioxidant enzymes, namely, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The study included 29 patients with PD and 32 healthy subjects as controls. Comparison of oxidative parameters in the patient and control groups revealed significantly higher GSH-Px and XO activities in the patient group. Serum MDA and SOD activities in PD patients were not significantly different from the controls. MDA was negatively correlated with duration of the PD and positively with age of onset. There was a negative correlation between SOD and Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stage. According to these results, we suggest that oxidative stress may contribute to the development of PD.

Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Several studies included in this meta-analysis suggested these variables affected the oxidative stress marker levels. Data from Gokce Cokal et al showed that blood TBARS level was inversely correlated with the duration of PD (Gökçe Çokal et al, 2017 ), and Chen et al demonstrated that blood TBARS level was negatively correlated with disease severity and age in PD patients (Chen et al, 2009 ), supporting our meta-regression analysis result that age is a confounding factor for the outcome of the meta-analysis analyzing blood TBARS levels. However, since older ages were likely to be associated with longer disease duration or medication use in PD patients, these suggest another possibility that the moderating effect of age on MDA level was secondary to disease severity, disease duration or duration of medication use.…”

The Role of Oxidative Stress in Parkinson’s Disease

“…In PD patients, current reports of GSH-Px activities demonstrate wide variability, and could be decreased [ 176 , 177 ] or not altered in erythrocytes [ 178 ], or increased in serum [ 179 , 180 ]. A few studies indicate lower SOD activities in erythrocytes of PD patients [ 177 , 181 ], whereas increased [ 182 ] or unchanged [ 179 ] SOD activities in plasma or serum of PD patients are also reported. The catalyzation of hypoxanthine to xanthine by xanthine oxidase generates O2 - and H 2 O 2 [ 207 ].…”

“…The catalyzation of hypoxanthine to xanthine by xanthine oxidase generates O2 - and H 2 O 2 [ 207 ]. One study shows increased blood xanthine oxidase activities in PD patients compared to normal controls [ 179 ].…”

Translational approaches to restoring mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease

“…Oxidised glutathione was significantly higher in 80 PD patients compared to controls but there was no difference in total or reduced glutathione . Serum glutathione peroxidase (an antioxidant enzyme utilising glutathione) had a higher activity in 29 PD patients compared to controls but this result awaits confirmation in a larger study . GST, especially its Pi (GST‐Pi) isoform was markedly increased in postmortem frontal cortex samples of PD patients .…”