1259Sleep and Preterm Birth-Blair et al.
INTRODUCTIONIn the United States, preterm birth affects 11.5% of deliveries and is the underlying cause of more than one third of infant deaths.1 A high proportion of surviving preterm infants suffer from severe physical and cognitive consequences, potentially requiring intensive medical and/or educational support throughout the lifespan.2 The morbidity and mortality associated with preterm birth pose significant drains on the financial and emotional resources of afflicted families, and on the nation as a whole, costing more than $26 billion annually in the United States.
3Inflammation is a causal mechanism in the initiation of preterm as well as term labor. 4 Inflammatory mediators can initiate contractions, encourage cervical ripening, and cause rupture of the membranes.4,5 Via these mechanisms, inflammation induced by infection or psychological stress may trigger early parturition.
6,7Importantly, poor sleep promotes inflammation.8 For example, in a population-based cohort of more than 5,000 adults, shorter sleep duration was associated with elevations in Study Objectives: Poor sleep promotes inflammation. In turn, inflammation is a causal mechanism in term as well as preterm parturition. In the United States, a persistent racial disparity in preterm birth exists, with African Americans showing ~1.5 times greater risk. This study examined associations among sleep quality, serum proinflammatory cytokines, and length of gestation in a racially diverse sample of 138 pregnant women. Design: Observational. Measurements: Women completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and other psychosocial and behavioral measures during midpregnancy. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were determined by high-sensitivity assays. Birth outcomes were determined via medical record review. Results: Among African American women (n = 79), shorter gestation was predicted by poorer overall sleep (r s = −0.35, P = 0.002) as well the following PSQI subscales: subjective sleep quality (r s = −0.34, P = 0.002), sleep latency (r s = −0.27, P = 0.02), and sleep efficiency (r s = −0.27, P = 0.02). African American women with poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5) had 10.2 times the odds of preterm birth compared to those with good sleep quality. In contrast, among European American women (n = 53), gestational length was not significantly predicted by sleep quality (Ps > 0.12). Bootstrapping analyses showed that, among African Americans, IL-8 significantly mediated the association between sleep quality and length of gestation (indirect effect estimate −0.029; 95% confidence interval −0.06, −0.002).
Conclusions:The data provide novel evidence that African American women exhibit greater inflammation in response to sleep disturbance than European American women and these effects correspond with length of gestation. Racial differences in susceptibility to sleep induced immune dysregulation may contribute to marked racial disparities in preterm birth.